Geometric graph theory

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In mathematics, a geometric graph is a graph in which the vertices or edges are associated with geometric objects or configurations. Geometric graph theory is a specialization of graph theory that studies geometric graphs. Notable geometric graphs and geometric graph theory problems include the following.

  • The 1-skeleton of a polyhedron or polytope is the set of vertices and edges of the polytope. The skeleton of any convex polyhedron is a planar graph, and the skeleton of any k-dimensional convex polytope is a k-connected graph. Conversely, Ernst Steinitz proved that any 3-connected planar graph is the skeleton of a convex polyhedron.
  • An intersection graph is a graph in which each vertex is associated with a set and in which vertices are connected by edges whenever the corresponding sets have a nonempty intersection. When the sets are geometric objects, the result is a geometric graph. For instance, the intersection graph of line segments in one dimension is an interval graph; the intersection graph of unit disks in the plane is a unit disk graph. The Circle packing theorem states that the intersection graphs of non-crossing circles are exactly the planar graphs. Scheinerman's conjecture states that every planar graph can be represented as the intersection graph of line segments in the plane.
  • The visibility graph of a closed polygon connects each pair of vertices by an edge whenever the line segment connecting the vertices lies entirely in the polygon. It is not known how to test efficiently whether an undirected graph can be represented as a visibility graph.
  • A partial cube is a graph for which the vertices can be associated with the vertices of a hypercube, in such a way that distance in the graph equals Hamming distance between the corresponding hypercube vertices. Many important families of combinatorial structures, such as the acyclic orientations of a graph or the adjacencies between regions in a hyperplane arrangement, can be represented as partial cube graphs. An important special case of a partial cube is the skeleton of the permutohedron, a graph in which vertices represent permutations of a set of ordered objects and edges represent swaps of objects adjacent in the order. Several other important classes of graphs including median graphs have related definitions involving metric embeddings (Bandelt and Chepoi).
  • A flip graph is a graph formed from the triangulations of a point set, in which each vertex represents a triangulation and two triangulations are connected by an edge if they differ by the replacement of one edge for another. It is also possible to define related flip graphs for partitions into quadrilaterals or pseudotriangles, and for higher dimensional triangulations. The flip graph of triangulations of a convex polygon forms the skeleton of the associahedron or Stasheff polytope. The flip graph of regular triangulations of a point set (projections of higher dimensional convex hulls) can also be represented as a skeleton, of the so-called secondary polytope.

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[edit] References

  • Pach, János, ed. (2004). Towards a Theory of Geometric Graphs. Contemporary Mathematics, no. 342, American Mathematical Society.