Gaspard de Coligny

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Gaspard de Coligny
Gaspard de Coligny

Gaspard de Coligny (February 16, 1519 – August 24, 1572), Seigneur (Lord) de Châtillon held the office of Admiral of France and is best remembered as an austerely disciplined Huguenot leader in the French Wars of Religion.

Contents

[edit] Biography

[edit] Ancestry

Coligny came of a noble family of Burgundy. His family traced their descent from the 11th century, and in the reign of Louis XI, were in the service of the King of France. His father, Gaspard I de Coligny, known as the Marshal of Châtillon, served in the Italian Wars from 1494 to 1516, married in 1514, and was created Marshal of France in 1516. By his wife, Louise de Montmorency, sister of the future constable, he had three sons, all of whom played an important part in the first period of the Wars of Religion: Odet, Cardinal de Châtillon; Gaspard; and François, Seigneur d'Andelot.

[edit] Early life

Born at Châtillon-sur-Loing, at twenty-two young Gaspard de Coligny came to court. There began a friendship with François of Guise.

In the campaign of 1543 Coligny distinguished himself, and was wounded at the sieges of Montmédy and Bains. In 1544 he served in the Italian campaign under the Count of Enghien, and was knighted on the Field of Ceresole. Returning to France, he took part in different military operations; and having been made colonel-general of the infantry (April 1547), exhibited great capacity and intelligence as a military reformer. That year he married Charlotte de Laval (d. 1568). He was made admiral on the death of Claude d'Annebaut (1552). In 1557 he was entrusted with the defence of Saint-Quentin. In the siege he displayed great courage, resolution, and strength of character; but the place was taken, and he was imprisoned in the stronghold of L'Ecluse. On payment of a ransom of 50,000 crowns he recovered his liberty.

Gaspard de Coligny, by the studio of Jan Antonisz van Ravesteyn
Gaspard de Coligny, by the studio of Jan Antonisz van Ravesteyn

[edit] Protestant leader

By this time he had become a Huguenot, through the influence of his brother, d'Andelot. The first letter which John Calvin addressed to him is dated September 4, 1558. He busied himself secretly with protecting his co-religionists, a colony of whom he sent to Brazil, under the leadership of his friend and navy colleague, Vice-Admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, who successfully established the France Antarctique colony in Rio de Janeiro, in 1555. They were afterwards expelled by the Portuguese, in 1567. Coligny also was the leading patron for the failed French colony of Fort Caroline in Spanish Florida lead by Jean Ribault in 1562

On the death of Henry II he placed himself, with Louis, Prince of Condé, in the front of his sect, and demanded religious toleration and certain other reforms. In 1560, at the Assembly of Notables at Fontainebleau, the hostility between Coligny and François of Guise broke forth violently. When the civil wars began in 1562, Coligny decided to take arms only after long hesitation, and he was always ready to negotiate. In none of these wars did he show superior genius, but he acted throughout with great prudence and extraordinary tenacity; he was "le héros de la mauvaise fortune."

In 1569 the defeat and death of the Prince of Condé at the Battle of Jarnac left him sole leader of the Protestant armies. Victorious at the Arnay-le-Duc, he obtained peace with the Peace of Saint-Germain (1570). Marrying Jacqueline de Montbel, Countess d'Entremont, and returning to the court in 1571, he grew rapidly in favour with Charles IX. As a means of emancipating the king from the tutelage of his mother and the faction of the Guises, the admiral proposed to him a descent on Spanish Flanders, with an army drawn from both sects and commanded by Charles in person. The king's regard for the admiral, anger over the assassination of the Duke of Guise and the increasingly bold demands of the Huguenots, alarmed Catherine, Queen Mother; and the massacre of St Bartholomew was the consequence.

Admiral de Coligny impressing his murderers, by Joseph-Benoît Suvée
Admiral de Coligny impressing his murderers, by Joseph-Benoît Suvée
Coligny's murder, as depicted in a mural by Giorgio Vasari.
Coligny's murder, as depicted in a mural by Giorgio Vasari.

[edit] Assassination

On August 22, 1572 Coligny was shot in the street by Maurevel from a house belonging to the Guise; the bullets, however, only tore a finger from his right hand and shattered his left elbow. Historians differ on who was the author of this assassination attempt but generally center on three possibilities: the Guise family, Catherine de Medici, or the duke of Albe for Phillip II of Spain. The king visited him, but the queen-mother prevented all private discourse between them. On the 24th of August, the night of the massacre, he was attacked in his house, and a servant of the new Duke of Guise, Charles Danowitz (Karel z Janovic), generally known as Besme or Bême, slew him and cast him from a window into the courtyard at his master's feet. His papers were seized and burned by the queen-mother; among them, according to Brantôme, was a history of the civil war, "très beau et très bien fais, et digne d'estre imprimé" ("very fair and well-written, and worthy of publication").

[edit] Marriages and issue

By his first wife, Charlotte de Laval (1530-1568), Gaspard had several children:

By his second wife, Jacqueline de Montbel (1541-1588), the Countess d'Entremont and Launay-Gelin, Gaspard had one daughter, Beatrice, who became Beatrice de Coligny (b. 1572), Countess d'Entremont.

[edit] Memory

Several places were named after him:

[edit] Family tree

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Guillaume de Montmorency
 
 Anne Pot
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gaspard I
 
 Louise de Montmorency
 
 Anne de Montmorency
 
 Madeleine,
daughter of
René of Savoy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gaspard II
 
 Odet
 
 François
 
 François de
Montmorency
 
 Henry
 
 10 others
 
 
 
 
 
 
 François
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gaspard III

[edit] References

  • This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
  • Jean du Bouchet, Preuves de l'histoire généalogique de l'illustre maison de Coligny (Paris, 1661)
  • François Hotman, Vita Colinii (1575), translated as La vie de messire Gaspar de Colligny Admiral de France, (1643; facsimile edition prepared by Émile-V. Telle (Geneva: Droz) 1987).
  • L. J. Delaborde, Gaspard de Coligny (1879–1882)
  • Erich Marcks, Gaspard von Coligny, sein Leben und das Frankreich seiner Zeit (Stuttgart, 1892)
  • H. Patry, "Coligny et la Papauté," in the Bulletin du protestantisme français (1902)
  • Arthur Whiston Whitehead, Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France (1904)
  • Charles Merki, L'Amiral de Coligny (1909).
  • J. Shimizu, Conflict of Loyalties: Politics and Religion in the Career of Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France, 1519-1572 (Geneva) 1970. Coligny's political motivations are stressed.
  • A Paris colloquy on Admiral de Coligny and his times in 1972 resulted in a volume of essays, Actes du colloque l'Amiral de Coligny et son temps (Paris) 1974.

[edit] Sources