Ganachakra

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A Ganachakra (Sanskrit gana (gathering); chakra (circle); Tib. tshogs kyi 'khor lo), alternately known as a gana puja, chakrapuja or ganachakrapuja, is a generic term for a variety of Tantric assemblies or feasts in which practitioners meet to chant mantra, and enact mudra and practice various Tantric rituals, and make votive offerings as part of a sadhana. The Ganachakra as a tantric rite often comprises a sacramental meal and festivities such as dancing; the feast generally consisted of materials that were considered forbidden according to ancient Vedic culture.

Pettit (2002)[1] emphasises the importance of the gathered "group" (gana) or sangha to Vajrayana sadhana and the creation of sacred space such as the Ganachakra:

The power of sacred bonding in a temporary or virtual sacred space is an intrinsic, if normally invisible, component of a Vajrayana community experience. The community is that experience, and ceases to exist without it. To dwell in that sacredness requires only that one perceive it, but to maintain that perception requires discipline, faith and a profound sense of love and respect for members of the mandala- that is, all living beings.

Arthur Avalon (1918)[2] affirms that the Five Nectars of Tantra, Hindu and Buddhist traditions are directly related to the Mahābhūta or Five Elements and that the Panchamakara is actually a vulgar term for the Panchatattva:

Worship with the Pañcatattva generally takes place in a Cakra or circle composed of men and women, Sadhakas and Sadhikas, Bhairavas and Bhairavis sitting in a circle, the Shakti being on the Sadhaka's left. Hence it is called Cakrapuja. A Lord of the Cakra (Cakreshvara) presides sitting with his Shakti in the center. During the Cakra, there is no distinction of caste, but Pashus of any caste are excluded. There are various kinds of Cakra -- productive, it is said, of differing fruits for the participator therein. As amongst Tantrik Sadhakas we come across the high, the low, and mere pretenders, so the Cakras vary in their characteristics from say the Tattva-cakra for the Brahma-kaulas, and the Bhairavi-cakra (as described in Mahanirvana, VII. 153) in which, in lieu of wine, the householder fakes milk, sugar and honey (Madhura-traya), and in lieu of sexual union does meditation upon the Lotus Feet of the Divine Mother with Mantra, to Cakras the ritual of which will not be approved such as Cudacakra, Anandabhuvana-yoga and others referred to later.

Samual (1998: p.126) holds that:

"...serious Tantric practice is generally seen as appropriate for a small minority only. The ancient Indian gaṇacakra, the circle ritual...discussed earlier, is far in the past. In Tibetan practice it has long been replaced by the gaṇapuja (Tibetan: tshogs), a considerably tamer affair, still involving a sacramental meal but normally performed indoors and without possession or dancing."

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[edit] Ganachakra as mandala of sacred space

Pettit (2002)[3] links the importance of the group or gana to the manifestation of the ganachakra and the sacred space or the mandala (in this sense cognate with chakra) with the liturgical tools of mantra, visualisation and sacred architecture:

The potential for sacred space to manifest spontaneously is nowhere higher than in Vajrayana Buddhist practice, which employs the use of mantra and visualization to create an experience of sacredness. Through liturgical performances, or amidst the activities of everyday life, a yogi is to experience, imaginately imaginatively or better yet spontaneously, the presence of divinity - Buddhahood embodied - in his or her own person, companions and environment. These constitute a mandala or sacred architecture which expresses the omnipresence of enlightenment, that is the ground of both "secular" and "sacred" experiences and activities that are never perceived apart from its all-encompassing confines. The invocation of divine presence of mandala is especially effective when undertaken by several people in a ritual context, and it is incumbent for practitioners to do so periodically with a feast-offering known as tsok or, in Sanskrit, ganapuja.

Pettit (2002)[4] states that sacred space is created spontaneously wherever the Triple Jewel (cognate with the Gankyil) is manifest and that this sacred architecture or mandala is not dependent upon the built environment of monolithic cultures:

...Sacred Space is created spontaneously wherever the Three Jewels - the Buddha or teacher, the Dharma teaching or its texts, and the Sangha community of practitioners - are found. A place that elicits reverence should be sacred, and wherever the Jewels are found, the pieties of lay and ordained Buddhists are bound to be expressed.

[edit] Ganachakra and the Mahasiddhas

Vajranatha (2007)[5] associates the Ganachakra with the "higher tantras" or mysteries , the anuttarayogatantra, and associates a non-monastic origin and tributary of this Mystery Rite to the Mahasiddha tradition which has roots in a complex and coterie of esoteric traditions of numerous Siddha, Yogi, Sadhu and holy peoples of Buddhist, Hindu and non-sectarian practices and views:

The Higher Tantras could not be a congregational practice of monks because Tantric sadhana, as well as celebrations of the High Tantric feast or Ganachakrapuja, required partaking of meat, wine, and sexual intercourse. At the very least the latter two would force a monk to break his vows. And so what came about in the eleventh century was a change in the external style of practice; the Anuttara Tantras, many of them freshly brought from India and newly translated into Tibetan, came to be practiced in the style of the lower Yoga Tantras. Although there is a great deal of ritual in the Yoga Tantras, there is nothing there that would require a monk to violate his monastic vows. The presence of a woman or Dakini is required at High Tantric initiation and also at the Tantric feast of the Ganachakrapuja, but in the eleventh century reform the actual Dakini physically present was replaced by a mind-consort (yid kyi rig-ma), a visualization of the Dakini. One did the sexual practice only in visualization, not in actuality. In this way the practices of the Higher Tantras could be taken into the monasteries and incorporated into the congregations practice and liturgy of the monks known as puja.

[edit] In Hindu tantra

In Hindu tantra, a ganachakra typically consists of five elements known as panchamakara or the "five Ms": madya (wine), mamsa (meat), matsya (fish), mudra (rice or grain), and maithuna (Sanskrit for "union' and coition or yab-yum) a form of tantra.

Samual (1998: p.124) defines the ganachakra succinctly:

"Vajrayāna or Tantric Buddhism had its origin in India, where it seems to have been practised, at any rate in its earlier period, say the fourth to eighth centuries CE, by small initiatory cult groups. The central ritual of these groups was the gaṇacakra, a night-time sacramental circle, usually outdoors, often in a cremation ground or similarly spooky and 'powerful' location, with distinctly antinomian elements. These included the ritual use of sexuality, although it is not clear how far this was performed literally and how far symbolically. The gaṇacakra involved possession, dancing and singing, and also magical procedures. It was seen as an occasion to enter a non-ordinary state of consciousness."

[edit] In Buddhist tantra

In Vajrayana and Dzogchen, it is traditional to offer a tsog to Padmasambhava or other deities, usually gurus on the tenth lunar day and to a form of Dakini such as Yeshe Tsogyal, Mandarava or Vajrayogini on the twenty-fifth lunar day. Generally, participants are required by their samaya (vow) to partake of meat and alcohol, and the rite tends to have elements symbolic of coitus. Traditions of the Ganachakra liturgy and rite extends remains of food and other compassionate offerings to alleviate the insatiable hunger of the hungry ghosts.

Snellgrove (1987) holds that there is a tendency oft-promoted by Tibetan lamas who disseminate teachings in the Western world, to treat references to sexual union and to sadhana that engages with the "five impure substances" (usually referred to as the "five nectars") as symbolic.[6] In the Twilight Language of correspondences and substitutions there is no inconsistency. Although, when modern tantric apologists and scholars employ the term "symbolic" as though no external practices were engaged in literally, they mislead and perpetuate an untruth.[7] Snellgrove (1987) provides an amended translation of his earlier translation of the Hevajra Tantra (II. vii.5-13):

Placing the linga in the bhaga and kissing her again and again, so producing the experience of Great Bliss, the Adamantine One talked about feasting. Now listen, Goddess of wide open eyes, to the matter of feasting in the company-circle, where having feasted, there is such fulfillment (siddhi) which fulfills the substance of all one's desires. One should set about this feasting in a cemetery or a mountain cave, in a resort of nonhuman beings or in a deserted place. One should arrange seats there, reckoned as nine, in the form of corpses or tiger skins or shrouds from a cemetery. The one who embodies Hevajra should be placed in the center of the yoginis, whose places are known, as taught before, in the main directions and intermediate points. Then seated upon one's tiger skin, one should eat the "spiced food" of the sacrament, enjoying it, and one should eat with eagerness the "kingly rice." When one has eaten and eaten again, one should honor the mother-goddesses there and they may be mother or sister or niece or mother-in-law. One should honor them to a high degree and gain fulfillment in their company. The chief lady should offer to the master an unmarred sacred skull filled with liquor, and having made obeisance to him, she should drink it herself. She should hold it in her hands in a lotus-gesture, and present it with the same gesture. Again and again they make obeisance, those winners of fulfillment. [8]

[edit] Alcohol in Vajrayana

Crowley (1996) states:

"Undoubtedly, the striking parallels between "The legend about Chakdor" and the Hindu legend of the origin of soma show that the Buddhist amrita and the Hindu soma were at one time understood to be identical. Moreover, the principal property of amrita is, to this day, perceived by Buddhists as being a species of inebriation, however symbolically this inebriation may be interpreted. Why else would beer (Tibetan chhang, "barley beer") be used by yogins as a symbolic substitute for amrita [Ardussi]? Conversely, why else would the term bDud.rTsi be used as a poetic synonym for beer?"

[edit] Meat in Vajrayana

See Vegetarianism in Buddhism#Vajrayana.

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Source: http://www.damtsig.org/articles/diaspora.html (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
  2. ^ Source: [1] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
  3. ^ Source: http://www.damtsig.org/articles/diaspora.html (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
  4. ^ Source: http://www.damtsig.org/articles/diaspora.html (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
  5. ^ Source: http://www.vajranatha.com/teaching/MahasiddhaTradition.htm (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
  6. ^ Snellgrove, David (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors. Volume One: p.160. Boston, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2 (v.1).
  7. ^ Snellgrove, David (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors. Volume One: p.160. Boston, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2 (v.1).
  8. ^ Snellgrove, David (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors. Volume One: p.160-161. Boston, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2 (v.1).

[edit] References

  • Free Encyclopedia of Thelema (2006). Ganachakra. Retrieved June 1, 2006.
  • RangjungYesheWiki (2006). Ganachakra. Retrieved June 2, 2006.
  • Crowley, Mike (1996). When the Gods Drank Urine: A Tibetan myth may help solve the riddle of soma, sacred drug of ancient India. Fortean Studies, vol. III, 1996. Source: http://v72.org/PDF/psychoactive_gods_urine.pdf (accessed: Thursday, 21 June 2007)
  • Pettit, John W. (2002).Tibetan Buddhism in Diaspora: Individuals, Comminities [sic] and Sacred Space. Source: [2] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
  • Vajranatha (2007). The Mahasiddha Tradition in Tibet. Source: {http://www.vajranatha.com/teaching/MahasiddhaTradition.htm] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
  • Avalon, Arthur (Sir John Woodroffe) (1918). Shakti and Shâkta. Full text available online: [3] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
  • Sparham, Gareth (?). Tantric Ethics: An Explanation of the Precepts for Buddhist Vajrayana Practice. An extensive extract is available from Google Books [4]
    (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
  • Snellgrove, David (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors (2 volumes). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2 (v. 1) & ISBN 0-87773-379-1 (v. 2)
  • Samuel, Geoffrey (1998). Paganism and Tibetan Buddhism: Contemporary Western Religions and the Question of Nature; in Pearson, Joanne et.al. (1998). "Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World." ISBN 0-7486-1057X

[edit] External websites