Game Oriented Assembly Lisp

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Game Oriented Assembly Lisp (or GOAL) is a computer game programming language developed by Andy Gavin and the Jak and Daxter team at Naughty Dog. It was written using Allegro Common Lisp and used in the development of the entire Jak and Daxter series of games.

Syntactically GOAL resembles Scheme, though with many idiosyncratic features inspired by other languages such as classes, inheritance, and virtual functions. An example of what GOAL code looks like can be found at [1]. GOAL encourages an imperative programming style: programs tend to be comprised of sequence of events to be executed rather than the functional programming style of functions to be evaluated recursively. This is a diversion from Scheme, which allows such side-effects but does not encourage imperative style.

Like many modern implementations of Common Lisp, GOAL does not run in an interpreter, but instead is compiled directly into PlayStation 2 machine code for execution. It offers limited facilities for garbage collection, relying extensively on runtime support. It offers dynamic memory allocation primitives designed to make it well-suited to running in constant memory on a video game console. GOAL has extensive support for inlined assembly code using a special rlet form[2], allowing programmers to freely mix assembly and higher-level constructs within the same function.

The GOAL compiler is implemented in Allegro Common Lisp. It supports a long term compiling listener session which gives the compiler knowledge about the state of the compiled and therefore running program, including the symbol table. This, in addition to dynamic linking, allows a function to be edited, recompiled, uploaded, and inserted into a running game without having to restart. The process is similar to the "edit and continue" feature offered by some C++ compilers, but allows the programmer to replace arbitrary amounts of code (even up to entire object files), and does not interrupt the running game with the debugger. This feature was used to implement code as well as level streaming in the Jak and Daxter games.

GOAL's first use was for the original Jak and Daxter PS2 game; the predecessor language, GOOL, was also developed by Andy Gavin for Crash Bandicoot.

GOAL's primary development and maintenance engineer is no longer available to Naughty Dog, and so they are transitioning to a C++ based pipeline for future projects.