Galactus

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Galactus

Interior art from Annihilation: Nova Corps Files (2006). Art by Renato Arlem.
Publication information
Publisher Marvel Comics
First appearance Fantastic Four #48 (March 1966)
Created by Stan Lee
Jack Kirby
In story information
Alter ego Galan
Place of origin Galan: Taa
Galactus: Cosmic Egg
Team affiliations Heralds of Galactus
Notable aliases Ashta[1], Ravager of Worlds, Devourer of Worlds
Abilities Possessor of the Power Cosmic

Galactus is a fictional character, a cosmic entity appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Fantastic Four #48 (March 1966), the first part of a three-issue story later known as "The Galactus Trilogy".[2][3]

Contents

[edit] Publication history

[edit] The Galactus Trilogy

By 1966, Lee and Kirby had decided to create a Fantastic Four story where the nominal heroes were totally eclipsed by a much larger, god-like concept and power.[3] This culminated in the introduction of Galactus in Fantastic Four #48-50 (March-May 1966), now known as the "Galactus Trilogy". Both co-creators attributed their inspiration rising from a desire to break from the archetypal mold of super-villain at the time. Lee explained the conception of the character's identity: "I created Galactus after we had done so many villains and wanted something different. I wondered, 'How could we get something bigger than a villain? Let's do a guy who's like a demigod — I like the name Galactus'. He comes from outer space and eats planets, or some stupid thing".[4] Kirby discussed his Biblical inspirations for Galactus and the Silver Surfer, and the revolutionary aspects of the characters:

“ My inspirations were the fact that I had to make sales. And I had to come up with characters that were no longer stereotypes. In other words I couldn't depend on gangsters anymore, I had to get something new. And of course I...for some reason, I went to the Bible. And I came up with Galactus. And there I was in front of this tremendous figure, who I knew very well, because I always felt him, and I certainly couldn't treat him the same way that I would any ordinary mortal...and of course the Silver Surfer is the fallen angel. And when Galactus relegated him to Earth he stayed on Earth...they were figures that have never been used before in comics. They were above mythic figures, and of course, they were the first gods.[5] ”

Kirby further explained that "Galactus in actuality is a sort of god. He is beyond reproach, beyond anyone's opinion. In a way he is kind of a Zeus, who fathered Hercules. He is his own legend, and of course, he and the Silver Surfer are sort of modern legends, and they are designed that way".[6]

The trilogy culminated in Fantastic Four #50 ( May 1966), which featured the Silver Surfer interceding for humankind against Galactus. After the trilogy, Kirby had not intended for Galactus to reappear, in order to preserve the character's tremendous presence.[7] Popularity among fans, however, prompted Lee to petition Kirby for Galactus' reappearance,[7] and the character eventually became a mainstay in the Marvel Universe.

[edit] Origin and later appearances

The November following his introduction, Galactus made a cameo in Thor #134 (Nov. 1966), which hinted at a confrontation between Galactus and another Lee and Kirby character, Ego the Living Planet. The plot-line was left unresolved in the subsequent issues, as Kirby put the character on hiatus.[7] Galactus reappeared more than a year later, in a flashback cameo in Daredevil #37 (Feb. 1968) before starring opposite the Fantastic Four in Fantastic Four #72-77 (March-Aug. 1968) at the request of Lee,[7] and then in flashback in The Silver Surfer #1 (Aug. 1968)

Lee, Kirby, and inker George Klein then featured Galactus in a storyline in Thor #160-162 (Jan.- March 1969) which resolved the plot-line from issue #134 and marked the first time that Lee and Kirby's classic mythological figure and space gods were brought together. Issue #162 began the transition to Galactus' origin story, but the character makes an unexplained departure from the story-line. The absence of the character may be explained by miscommunication between Kirby and Lee; Kirby may have wanted to directly write Galactus' origin, while Lee may have had his own interpretation of the character's beginnings.[8] Galactus' origin finally appeared in Thor #168-169 (Sept.-Oct. 1969). In 1983, writer Mark Gruenwald, pencillers John Byrne and Ron Wilson, and inkers Jack Abel and Vince Colletta collaborated to produce a more in-depth, 23-page origin story titled "Galactus", which appeared in Super-Villain Classics #1 (May). The story featured additions, edits, and deletions, and was later reprinted as Origin of Galactus #1 (Feb. 1996). This story redefined Galactus' origin as being the last survivor of the previous cosmos and communing with the sentience of the universe, as opposed to that of a dying star in the present universe.

Fantastic Four #48 (Sept. 1966). The Watcher warns of Galactus. Cover art by Jack Kirby & Joe Sinnott.
Fantastic Four #48 (Sept. 1966). The Watcher warns of Galactus. Cover art by Jack Kirby & Joe Sinnott.

Galactus has appeared on a semi-regular basis throughout the decades. Two appearances showcasing new Heralds followed in Fantastic Four #120-123 (March - June 1972) and Thor #225 - 228 (July-Oct. 1974). Galactus threatened Counter-Earth in Fantastic Four #172-175 (July-Oct. 1976) and later returned to defeat the Sphinx in Fantastic Four #206-213 (May-Dec. 1979). The character returned in Fantastic Four #242-244 (May-July 1982) and was seen in space in Fantastic Four #257 (Aug. 1983). Galactus then makes an important cameo appearance in Fantastic Four #262 (Jan. 1984), as the entity Eternity asserts that Galactus is an integral part of the universe.

Galactus also appeared in the limited series Marvel Super Heroes Secret Wars (May 1984 - April 1985), and often in Silver Surfer vol. 3 (1987-1998). Galactus also featured prominently in the Infinity series of the 1990's, specifically Infinity Gauntlet #1-6 (July-Dec. 1991) and Infinity War #1-6 (June-Nov. 1992).

Galactus starred in the six-issue miniseries Galactus the Devourer (Sept. 1999 - March 2000), written by Louise Simonson and illustrated by John Buscema, which climaxed with the character's death. Simonson had originally conceived of the story-arc to take place in third volume of the Silver Surfer, but the title was cancelled due to dwindling sales. Simonson instead proposed a separate limited series, and at the time was initially doubtful that Marvel would approve what she believed to be a "radical" idea concerning "why the very existence of the Universe depends on the health and well-being of Galactus".[9]

Simonson's concept was expanded on by a story-line that commenced in Fantastic Four Annual 2001 with the introduction of the character Abraxas and concluded in Fantastic Four #49 (vol. 3, 2002) with Galactus' revival. Galactus then featured in Marvel: The End #1-6 (May-July 2003); the limited series Thanos #1-12 (Dec. 2003 - May 2004) and in Stormbreaker: The Saga of Beta Ray Bill #1-6 (March-Aug. 2005). Galactus was a central character in the Annihilation crossover, first appearing as a co-star in the four-issue miniseries Annihilation: Silver Surfer (June-July 2006) followed by a pivotal role in the six-issue Annihilation limited series (Oct. 2006 - Mar. 2007). Galactus then appears in the two-issue epilogue Annihilation: Heralds of Galactus (April-May 2007).

[edit] Fictional character biography

[edit] Rebirth

The Sentience of the Universe merges with Galan of Taa in the Cosmic egg.
The Sentience of the Universe merges with Galan of Taa in the Cosmic egg.

Originally named Galan of the planet Taa, Galactus is the sole survivor of the Big Crunch of the universe that existed prior to occurrence of the Big Bang, which led to the present-day Marvel Universe.

Galan is initially a space explorer investigating the impending end of his universe. Eventually, Taa is engulfed by a radiation plague that kills almost all its inhabitants. At the last second, Galan escapes the doomed planet in a starship with a few other survivors. Rather than perish from the lethal radiation that has extinguished all life across the universe, Galan proposes to his crew mates that they pilot their craft directly into the center of the Big Crunch. As he approaches the Cosmic egg — the focal point of the Big Crunch and the source of the exterminating radiation — his ship and crew are promptly destroyed. At the moment Galan's universe meets its end, the incarnation of that reality's Phoenix Force amasses the positive emotions of all living beings in the cosmos to preserve them from eternal damnation, enabling the "Sentience of the Universe" — that universe's incarnation of Eternity — to meet with Galan.[10][11] Within the Cosmic Egg the Sentience of the Universe reveals itself to Galan and informs him that though they both will die in the impending cataclysm, they will survive through a joint heir born into the next universe. The Sentience of the Universe then merges itself with the mortal Galan, establishing Galan as the sole survivor of the ensuing Big Crunch. This union ultimately leads to his rebirth in the present universe as Galactus.[12][13] After the Big Bang and the birth of the present reality, Galactus gestates in a cocoon of cosmic energy to complete his metamorphosis, and after an undetermined period of time emerges as an entity of vast cosmic power who is essential and intrinsic to the newly formed universe.[13] Upon emerging from his incubation ship, Galactus destroys the planet Archeopia — the first world to fall prey to his hunger — and uses its remains in constructing Taa II in homage to both Archeopia and Taa.[14][15]

Galactus has been referred to as the "third force of the universe",[16] and the balance between the entities Eternity and Death.[17] He has called Eternity "father",[18] while Death has called Galactus "my husband and father, my brother and son".[19]

In the prime Marvel Universe, the cosmic overseer the Living Tribunal likens Galactus to one of the three essential forces of reality, Equity (Eternity and Death in turn represent the other forces, being Necessity and Vengeance). [17]

[edit] The Devourer of Worlds

Galactus roams the universe in search of planets to sustain himself.
Galactus roams the universe in search of planets to sustain himself.

Due to his vast power and intrinsic, natural role in the universal order, Galactus considers himself a higher being than all non-abstracts, coming to embody a force of cosmic nature necessary for universal existence. Galactus maintains his existence by devouring planets that have the potential for supporting life. In so doing, he has consumed countless worlds, resulting in the elimination of entire extra-terrestrial civilizations. He created a cosmic being in his own image, Tyrant,[20] whom he later renounced and defeated after Tyrant developed a lust for power and tyranny. Frequently, Galactus utilizes a herald to scour the universe in search of sustenance. Upon pinpointing the requisite planetary body, the herald will signal Galactus, resulting in the Devourer's arrival on the world's surface and the deployment of the Elemental Converter — a colossal machine capable of draining all life energy from the planet within minutes. While the Converter makes consumption of the planet's energy more efficient, Galactus is capable of feeding without its aid.[19]

Galactus has appointed a number of beings to act as his Herald, with each bestowed with a fraction of the Power Cosmic. Galactus however spares the planet Zenn-La when Norrin Radd offers his services as a herald in exchange. Galactus transforms Norrin Radd into his herald, the Silver Surfer.[21]

[edit] Earth

Fantastic Four #49 (April 1966), featuring Galactus. Cover art by Jack Kirby & Joe Sinnott.
Fantastic Four #49 (April 1966), featuring Galactus. Cover art by Jack Kirby & Joe Sinnott.

Galactus has threatened to consume the Earth on several occasions. During his first encounter with humans, the cosmic entity the Watcher and Galactus' rebellious herald, the Silver Surfer, aid the Fantastic Four. Galactus is defeated when Mister Fantastic threatens him with the Ultimate Nullifier, which was retrieved by the Human Torch from Galactus' spaceship, Taa II. Galactus exiles the Silver Surfer to Earth, then leaves and vows to never attack the Earth again.[22] He eventually returns to Earth, however, seeking the Silver Surfer.[23] Later, Mr. Fantastic petitions Galactus to stop the threat of the cosmic entity the Sphinx on Earth, releasing Galactus from his vow.[24]

In one encounter, Galactus returns to Earth in pursuit of his rebellious herald, Terrax. Galactus expends a considerable amount of energy in the pursuit, and finally arrives with the intention of consuming Earth to replenish himself. A hungry and weakened Galactus resolves the issue with Terrax, but is so diminished in power that he is defeated by the combined efforts of the Fantastic Four, the Avengers, and Doctor Strange. However, rather than let Galactus die of hunger, Mister Fantastic uses a device powered by the Thunder God Thor to resuscitate him. Grateful, Galactus proclaims that Earth is safe from his feedings before departing.[25]

Mister Fantastic's actions have consequences, however, as he is later placed on trial by a consortium of alien worlds for saving Galactus, which would indirectly cause the deaths of the worlds Galactus would later consume. The Shi'ar preside over the trial, and look to execute Mister Fantastic until the cosmic entity Eternity is summoned by the combined efforts of Galactus and the Watcher. Eternity then enables the millions of alien onlookers to momentarily become one with the universe, temporarily granting them the clarity that Galactus is an essential part of the natural order of the cosmos.[26] Some time after this, Galactus plays an important role in the Infinity War against the evil Magus, helping Earth's heroes organize a defense against the powerful adversary, as well as appealing to the Living Tribunal for the temporary restoration of the Infinity Gauntlet.[27]

[edit] Temporary death

Galactus is seemingly destroyed when the Silver Surfer turns Galactus' own Elemental Converter against him. As Galactus disperses he warns that his death will allow a great evil to surface. After his death, Galactus' remains take the form of a star, the second in the Chandilar system.[28] The great evil Galactus spoke of later emerges in the form of the Biblical demon Abraxas, the universal embodiment of destruction and the antithesis of Eternity. The Fantastic Four discover that much of the energy Galactus harvests from planets is devoted to keeping Abraxas imprisoned.[29] Realizing only Galactus can stop Abraxas, Franklin Richards pools all of his power with that of his sister, Valeria Von Doom, and focuses it on the second star of the Chandilar system, thereby reconstituting Galactus; however, the siblings permanently burn out their powers in the act. The newly revived Galactus reclaims the Ultimate Nullifier from Abraxas, and Fantastic Four leader Reed Richards uses the device to realign reality and reimprison Abraxas. Galactus reveals that the Ultimate Nullifier is actually an aspect of his being.[30]

Some time afterwards Galactus, displaying aching conscience for the countless sentients he has destroyed, is attempting to unite and use the Infinity Gems in order to alleviate his need to devour planets. He is, however, being manipulated by a cosmos-devouring inter-dimensional parasite called Hunger. In collaboration with Thanos of Titan Galactus manages to thwart the entity's endeavour to enter, and consume, their universe.[31] The planet-shattering conflict leaves Galactus greatly weakened for some time afterwards, which grants his first herald, the Fallen One, an opportunity to exploit this vulnerability. Thanos realizes that potential success would imbalance the universal order, and handles the matter by enslaving the Fallen One into his service.[32]

Later, Reed Richards designs a weapon with the express purpose of stripping Galactus of the Power Cosmic. The creation of the device is made possible with help from Quasar and Johnny Storm, who is cosmically aware at this time.[33] The weapon succeeds in separating Galactus into his two core components — Galan and the Power Cosmic. Galan then exiles himself in another dimension, hoping that this act will prevent the Power Cosmic from finding him.[34] The ruse fails, however, as the alien warrior Beta Ray Bill encounters a fully reformed Galactus shortly afterward.[35]

[edit] Annihilation

Millions of years ago, Diableri of Chaos, one of the "Proemial Gods", wished to control the universe, causing a civil war. This brings Diableri into conflict with Galactus. Galactus kills Diableri and imprisons his two main lieutenants, Tenebrous of the Darkness Between and Aegis Lady of All Sorrows within the Kyln.[36] When the Annihilation Wave enters the universe the Kyln is damaged, allowing Tenebrous and Aegis to awake from stasis and escape. Sensing their presence, Galactus petitions the Silver Surfer to become his Herald once more; the Surfer accepts and Galactus further augments his power. Tenebrous and Aegis eventually engage and defeat Galactus and the Silver Surfer in battle.[37] An incapacitated Galactus is then imprisoned by Annihilus — the creator of the Annihilation Wave — who has tasked Thanos to discover the secret of the Power Cosmic. Drax the Destroyer manages to free Galactus, who in retaliation unleashes a blast that destroys most of the Annihilation Wave, a Watcher, and more than three star systems. This forces the surviving parties to form a truce.[38]

[edit] Powers and abilities

Galactus, as perceived by various alien races. Panel from Fantastic Four #262 (Jan. 1984). Art by John Byrne.
Galactus, as perceived by various alien races. Panel from Fantastic Four #262 (Jan. 1984). Art by John Byrne.

Galactus is the physical, metamorphosed embodiment of a cosmos, the product of the union between the Sentience of the Universe and Galan.[39] As such, Galactus wields the Power Cosmic and has been described as "the most awesome living entity in the cosmos",[40] and "the universe's most powerful creature".[41] Galactus can employ the Power Cosmic to produce nearly any effect he desires, including the molecular restructuring and transmutation of matter,[21] the teleportation of objects — even entire galaxies[42] — across space,[43] size-alteration,[42] the projection of energy with vast destructive force,[44] the erection of nearly impenetrable force fields,[21] the creation of interdimensional[45] and intra-dimensional portals,[46] telepathy,[47] telekinesis,[48] and cosmic awareness on a universal scale.[49]

Galactus has even shown the abilities to create sentient life in the form of Tyrant,[50] resurrect his herald Morg,[51] manipulate mortal souls,[52] manipulate memories and emotions,[53] and remake dead worlds — including their populations — in every detail.[53]

Galactus requires his armor to help regulate his internal energies. As Galactus must continuously feed to sustain himself, his power levels are inconsistent throughout any given period. For this reason, Earth's heroes have been able to achieve various degrees of success in repelling, or defeating, a starving, weakened Galactus.[54]

As the oldest known living entity in the universe, Galactus employs science that the most brilliant minds on Earth cannot begin to grasp;[55] the Ultimate Nullifier and Taa II are prime examples of Galactus' technology.

[edit] Physical appearance

As a living force of nature, Galactus' true form - close to that of a humanoid star[56] - cannot be perceived by most beings,[57] and so each species perceives Galactus in a form they can comprehend.[26][1]

[edit] Other versions

[edit] DC Universe

Galactus has appeared in three projects associated with the DC Universe.[58]

[edit] Earth X

Galactus also appears in the non-canon Earth X series. In Earth X Galactus is one of the three essential entities in the universe keeping the cosmic entities the Celestials in check. By destroying planets - actually "eggs" of the Celestials - Galactus prevents the Celestials from overpopulating the universe.[59]

[edit] Epic Illustrated

The anthology comics-magazine Epic Illustrated #26-34 (Oct. 1984 - Feb. 1986) published the first nine serialized installments of a projected 10-part tale, "The Last Galactus Story", by writer-penciler John Byrne and inker Terry Austin. Each ran six pages, with the exception of part eight, which ran 12 pages. The magazine was canceled at this point, leaving the story unfinished.

Set 100,000,000 years in the future, Galactus devours a now uninhabited Earth. Accompanied by Nova, Galactus follows the trail of destroyed galaxies to the core of the Milky Way. Byrne wrote on his website that the story's conclusion involved Galactus combating a rogue Watcher until the death of the universe. When only Galactus and his herald, Nova, remain, Galactus cracks open his armor, releasing a new Big Bang. With the end of Galactus and the birth of a new universe, Nova is transformed into the Galactus for the new universe.[60]

[edit] Exiles

The Exiles discover a reality in which Galactus is a restorer rather than devourer of worlds. Galactus, however, only restores worlds that have been destroyed by an adversary, resulting in the rebellion of the Silver Surfer when refusing to grant the Surfer the power to restore his own world.[61] Also, in one of their earliest missions, they rally the superbeings of Earth to defeat Galactus, with Thunderbird driving an antimatter bomb into his armor and forcing him to flee, although Thunderbird is critically injured in the process.

[edit] Heroes Reborn

Galactus appears in the pocket universe created by Franklin Richards (after the events of the Onslaught saga) and deploys several heralds at once. Galactus succeeds in consuming the Earth twice, although this is undone by Doctor Doom with the use of his time machine until the Surfer is finally convinced to turn against his master.[62]

[edit] Mangaverse

In the Earth-2301 universe,[63] the Manga Galactus appears as a gigantic, planet-sized life-form. It appears to have a single massive eye and tentacles to drain the life from planets. It is covered in various life-forms (referred to as "Galactus Spores") which aid its digestive process.[64]

[edit] Marvel Zombies

Galactus appears in "classic" form and battles the Marvel Zombies, who have recently consumed the Silver Surfer and acquired portions of his cosmic power. With the help of some advanced technology, they manage to overpower, ultimately defeat and consume Galactus, thus absorbing his powers and becoming his 'successors' and later traveling to different planets for sustenance.[65]

[edit] MC2

Galactus, accompanied by a new herald named Dominas, appears in the MC2 universe.[66]

[edit] Ultimate Gah Lak Tus

Main article: Ultimate Galactus trilogy

Ultimate Galactus, called Gah Lak Tus, was introduced in a trilogy written by Warren Ellis. Gah Lak Tus is first mentioned by Ultimate Vision, which is an early-warning system for worlds under threat by Gah Lak Tus and describes Gah Lak Tus as an immense (approx. 100,000 miles long) group mind of city-sized robotic drones that attacks worlds using envoys (resembling the Silver Surfer) followed by a flesh-eating virus that destroys all life. After this the entity breaks open the dying world and sucks all thermal energy from the core. Gah Lak Tus considers all forms and expressions of organic life to be so abhorrent it believes itself desecrated when telepathically contacted by Professor X. It is eventually driven back by Mister Fantastic via his use of the Ultimate Nullifier— a weapon that taps into the energies released by the Big Bang of a young universe — destroying 20% of Gah Lak Tus's mass and forcing the drones to retreat.[67]

[edit] In other media

[edit] Television

[edit] Toys

  • Toy Biz released a figure of Galactus in 1995 as part of their Fantastic Four line.
  • In 2005, Toy Biz also produced Galactus as the first "build-a-figure" in the Marvel Legends line-up.

[edit] Video games

[edit] Movies

Galactus as the character appears in Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007)
Galactus as the character appears in Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007)

Galactus appears in the 2007 film Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer, the story of which was based upon the character's debut and his Ultimate incarnation.[68] The official novelization of the film names the character as "the Gah Lak Tus".

20th Century Fox's rationale for having the character as a cloud was to keep him discreet.[69] Visual effects studio Weta Digital convinced Fox to add physical hints of the comic book incarnation, such as a shadow and the fiery mass within the cloud resembling Galactus' signature helmet.[69] Director Tim Story claimed he made Galactus a cloud so that the future Silver Surfer spin-off film would have a chance to be unique and introduce the character as he normally appears.[70] J. Michael Straczynski, the spin-off's writer, confirmed Galactus is in his script and that "You don't want to sort of blow out something that big and massive for one quick shot in the first movie."[71]

[edit] Games

[edit] See also

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Stormbreaker: The Saga of Beta Ray Bill #1 (March 2005)
  2. ^ Thomas, Roy, Stan Lee's Amazing Marvel Universe (Sterling Publishing, New York, 2006), "Moment 29: The Galactus Trilogy", pp. 112-115. ISBN-10 1-4027-4225-8; ISBN-13 978-1-4027-4225-5
  3. ^ a b Hatfield, Charles (February 2004), “The Galactus Trilogy: An Appreciation”, The Collected Jack Kirby Collector 1: 211 
  4. ^ Jankiewicz, Rachel, Origin of the Species: Galactus, <http://www.lowfierce.com/galactus/oots/index.html>. Retrieved on 13 April 2008 .
  5. ^ Viola, Ken. (1987). The Masters of Comic Book Art [VHS]. USA: Viola, Ken.
  6. ^ Coville, Jamie, Jack "The King" Kirby - A Biography, <http://www.geocities.com/brenni_au/JackKirby.html>. Retrieved on 14 April 2008 .
  7. ^ a b c d Alexander, Mark (April 12, 2006), “Galactus, Pillager of the Planets! Kirby's first demi-god”, The Collected Jack Kirby Collector 5: 196 
  8. ^ Evanier, Mark (2008), Kirby: King of Comics, Abrams Books, ISBN 9780810994478 .
  9. ^ Questions & Answers with Writer Louise Simonson. Retrieved on 2008-04-14.
  10. ^ Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Data Corrections Fantastic Four 2005. URL last checked 2006-09-01.
  11. ^ Adventures of X-Men #12
  12. ^ Thor #168-169
  13. ^ a b Super-Villain Classics #1 (May 1983)
  14. ^ Thor #162 (March 1969)
  15. ^ The Origin of Galactus (Feb. 1996)
  16. ^ Silver Surfer #10 (vol. 3, April 1988)
  17. ^ a b Silver Surfer vol. 3, #31 (Dec, 1989)
  18. ^ Fantastic Four #262 (Jan. 1984)
  19. ^ a b Fantastic Four #257 (Aug. 1983)
  20. ^ Silver Surfer vol. 3, #81 (June 1993)
  21. ^ a b c The Silver Surfer #1
  22. ^ Fantastic Four #48-50 (March-May 1966)
  23. ^ Fantastic Four #74-77 (May-Aug. 1968)
  24. ^ Fantastic Four #210-213 (Sept.-Dec. 1979)
  25. ^ Fantastic Four #242-244 (May-July 1982)
  26. ^ a b Fantastic Four #262 (Jan. 1984)
  27. ^ Infinity War #1-6 (June-Nov. 1992)
  28. ^ Galactus the Devourer #1-6 (Sept. 1999 - March 2000)
  29. ^ Fantastic Four Annual 2001
  30. ^ Fantastic Four #478 (Jan. 2002)
  31. ^ Thanos #1-6 (2003-2004)
  32. ^ Thanos #11-12 (2004)
  33. ^ As herald - Fantastic Four #520-523 (Jan.-April 2005)
  34. ^ Fantastic Four #520-523 (Jan.-April 2005)
  35. ^ Stormbreaker: The Saga of Beta Ray Bill #1-6 (March-Aug. 2005)
  36. ^ Annihilation: Heralds of Galactus #2
  37. ^ Annihilation: Silver Surfer #1-4 (June-Sept. 2006)
  38. ^ Annihilation #1-6 (Oct. 2006 - March 2007).
  39. ^ Fantastic Four #522 (March 2005)
  40. ^ Thor #134 (Nov. 1966)
  41. ^ Annihilation #2 (Nov. 2006)
  42. ^ a b Rom #27 (Feb. 1982)
  43. ^ Marvel Super Heroes Secret Wars #9 (Jan. 1985)
  44. ^ The Silver Surfer vol. 3, #18 (Dec. 1988)
  45. ^ Thanos #3 (Feb. 2004)
  46. ^ Thanos #12 (Sept. 2004)
  47. ^ Fantastic Four #242 (May 1982)
  48. ^ Fantastic Four #49 (April 1966)
  49. ^ Marvel Super Heroes Secret Wars #9 (Jan. 1985)
  50. ^ Cosmic Powers Unlimited #2 (Sept. 1995)
  51. ^ Silver Surfer vol. 3, #76 (Jan. 1993)
  52. ^ Silver Surfer vol. 3, #49 (May 1991)
  53. ^ a b Silver Surfer vol. 3 #130 (Aug. 1997)
  54. ^ Fantastic Four #243 (June 1982)
  55. ^ Fantastic Four #210 (Sept. 1979)
  56. ^ Seen in Silver Surfer vol. 3, #10 (April 1988), Infinity Gauntlet #5 (Nov. 1991), and Super-Villain Classics #1 (May 1983)
  57. ^ Fantastic Four #521 (Feb. 2005)
  58. ^ Darkseid vs. Galactus: The Hunger (1995); Superman, Fantastic Four: Infinite Destruction (1999) and JLA:Avengers #1-3 (2003-2004)
  59. ^ Earth X #1-12 (2000-2001)
  60. ^ Byrne Robotics: Frequently Asked Questions - Questions about Aborted Storylines
  61. ^ Exiles #86-87
  62. ^ Heroes Reborn (1996-1997)
  63. ^ Official Handbook to the Marvel Universe: Alternate Universes (2005)
  64. ^ New Mangaverse vol. 2, #1-5 (2005-2006)
  65. ^ Marvel Zombies (2005-2006)
  66. ^ Last Planet Standing #1-5
  67. ^ Ultimate Nightmare (2004); Ultimate Secret (2005); Ultimate Extinction (2006)
  68. ^ Ben Morse and Brian Warmoth. "2007 Preview: Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer", Wizard, 2007-01-15. Retrieved on 2007-06-27. 
  69. ^ a b Thomas J. McLean. "Fantastic 4: Weta Gives Rise to the Silver Surfer", VFXWorld, 2007-06-21. Retrieved on 2007-06-27. 
  70. ^ Tim Story. (2007). Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer audio commentary (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
  71. ^ Chris Carle. "SDCC 07: JMS Sheds Light on Silver Surfer Movie", IGN, 2007-07-27. Retrieved on 2007-10-07. 

[edit] References

[edit] External links

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