Gérard Genette
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Gérard Genette (born 1930) is a French literary theorist, associated in particular with the structuralist movement and such figures as Roland Barthes and Claude Lévi-Strauss, from whom he adapted the concept of bricolage.
He is largely responsible for the reintroduction of a rhetorical vocabulary into literary criticism, for example such terms as trope and metonymy. Additionally his work on narrative, best known in English through the selection Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method, has been of importance. His major work is the multi-part Figures series, of which Narrative Discourse is a section.
His international influence is not as great as that of some others identified with structuralism, such as Roland Barthes and Claude Lévi-Strauss; his work is more often included in selections or discussed in secondary works than studied in its own right. Terms and techniques originating in his vocabulary and systems have, however, become widespread, such as the term paratext for prefaces, introductions, illustrations or other material accompanying the text.
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[edit] Important concepts in Genette's narratology
This outline of Genette's narratology is derived from Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method. This book forms part of his multi-volume work Figures I-III. The examples used in it are mainly drawn from Proust's epic In Search of Lost Time. One criticism which had been used against previous forms of narratology was that they could deal only with simple stories, such as Vladimir Propp's work in Morphology of the Folk Tale. If narratology could cope with Proust, this could no longer be said.
Below are the five main concepts used by Genette in Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method. They are primarily used to look at the syntax of narratives, rather than to perform an interpretation of them.
[edit] Order
Say a story is as follows: a murder occurs (event A); then the circumstances of the murder are revealed to a detective (event B), finally the murderer is caught (event C).
Arranged chronologically the events run A1, B2, C3. Arranged in the text they may run B1 (discovery), A2 (flashback), C3 (resolution).
This accounts for the 'obvious' effects the reader will recognise, such as flashback. It also deals with the structure of narratives on a more systematic basis, accounting for flash-forward, simultaneity, as well as possible, if rarely used effects. These disarrangements on the level of order are termed 'anachrony'.
[edit] Frequency
The separation between an event and its narration allows several possibilities.
- An event can occur once and be narrated once (singular).
- 'Today I went to the shop.'
- An event can occur n times and be narrated once (iterative).
- 'I used to go to the shop.'
- An event can occur once and be narrated n times (repetitive).
- 'Today I went to the shop' + 'Today he went to the shop' etc.
- An event can occur n times and be narrated n times (multiple).
- 'I used to go to the shop' + 'He used to go to the shop' + 'I went to the shop yesterday' etc.
[edit] Duration
The separation between an event and its narration means that there is discourse time and narrative time. These are the two main elements of duration.
- "Five years passed", has a lengthy discourse time, five years, but a short narrative time (it only took a second to read).
- James Joyce's novel Ulysses has a relatively short discourse time, twenty-four hours. Not many people, however, could read Ulysses in twenty-four hours. Thus it is safe to say it has a lengthy narrative time.
[edit] Voice
Voice is concerned with who narrates, and from where. This can be split four ways.
- Where the narration is from
- Intra-diegetic: inside the text. eg. Wilkie Collins' The Woman in White
- Extra-diegetic: outside the text. eg. Thomas Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles
- Is the narrator a character in the story?
- Hetero-diegetic: the narrator is not a character in the story. eg. Homer's The Odyssey
- Homo-diegetic: the narrator is a character in the story. eg. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights
[edit] Mood
Genette said narrative mood is dependent on the 'distance' and 'perspective' of the narrator, and like music, narrative mood has predominant patterns. It is related to voice.
Distance of the narrator changes with narrated speech, transposed speech and reported speech.
Perspective of the narrator is called focalization. Narratives can be non-focalized, internally focalized or externally focalized.
Genette, G (1980) Chapter 4: 'Mood' in Narrative Discourse, pp. 161 - 211, 1980, New York, Cornell University Press.
[edit] Timeline
- 1930: Born in Paris.
- 1967: Receives professorship in French literature at the Sorbonne.
- 1970: Founds French journal Poétique.
[edit] Selected works
- Figures I-III, 1967-70. (selections of Figures III translated and published as Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method, 1979)
- Mimologiques: voyage en Cratylie, 1976. (translated as Mimologics, 1995)
- Introduction à l'architexte, 1979.
- Palimpsestes: La littérature au second degré, 1982.
- Nouveau discours du récit, 1983.
- Seuils, 1987. (translated as Paratexts. Thresholds of interpretation, 1997)
- Fiction et diction, 1991.
- L'Œuvre de l'art, 1: Immanence et transcendance, 1994.
- L'Œuvre de l'art, 2: La relation esthétique, 1997.
- Figures IV, 1999.
- Figures V, 2002.
- Métalepse: De la figure à la fiction, 2004.
- Bardadrac, 2006.
