Functionally classified barn

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A functionally classified barn is a barn whose style is best classified by its function. Barns which do not fall into one of the broader categories of barn styles, such as English barns or crib barns, can best be classified by some combination of two factors, region and usage. Examples of barns classified by function occur worldwide and include, apple barn, rice barn, potato barn, hop barn, tobacco barn, cattle barn (pole barn), and the tractor barn. In addition, some barns incorporate their region into their style classification, examples would include the Wisconsin dairy barn, Pennsylvania bank barn or the Midwest feeder barn.[1]

Contents

[edit] Classifications

[edit] Tobacco barns

Main article: Tobacco barn

Tobacco barns were once an essential ingredient in the process of air curing tobacco. In the 21st century they are fast disappearing from the American landscape in places where they were once ubiquitous.[2] U.S. States, such as Maryland, have sponsored programs which discourage the cultivation of tobacco. In 2001 Maryland's state sponsored program offered cash payments as buyouts to tobacco farmers.[2] A majority of the farmers took the buyout and hundreds of historic tobacco barns were rendered instantly obsolete.[2] As tobacco barns disappear farmer have been forced to change their methods for curing the crop. In Kentucky, instead of curing tobacco attached to laths in vented tobacco barns as they once did, farmers are increasingly curing tobacco on "scaffolds" in the fields.[3]

[edit] Design

Design elements which were common to American tobacco barns include: gabled roofs, frame construction, and some system of ventilation. The venting can appear in different incarnations but commonly hinges would be attached to some of the cladding boards, so that they could be opened.[4] Often the venting system would be more elaborate, including a roof ventilation system. The interior would have its framing set up in bents about ten to fifteen feet apart so that laths with tobacco attached to them could be hung for drying. There is no one design that typifies tobacco barns but they share some common elements not seen in other barns.[4] However, tobacco barns do cross over into other barn styles of their day. Some common types of barn designs integrated into tobacco barns include, English barns and bank barns.[4]

[edit] Hop barns

An Oast house, a conical, pyramid hop house in Kent.
An Oast house, a conical, pyramid hop house in Kent.

Also known as hop houses or hop kilns, hop barns were very common in areas of the United States where hops were grown. Hop barns were so common it was said that "every other farm" had one.[5] In New York state's "hop belt" numerous hop barns were constructed between the early 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Ostego, Chenango, Madison, Oneida, Montgomery and Schoharie Counties were the primary areas contained within the hop belt.[5] As hops production basically dwindled down to only Washington state, in the U.S., the remaining hop houses elsewhere have begun to disappear. Defunct hop kilns are found in areas where hops production is still on going, in Kent, England, for instance.

[edit] Design

The design of hop houses changed significantly over time, as did the area hops were grown in. In New York, for instance, early hop barns were low with some ventilation.[5] Later hop barns evolved into taller, more narrow buildings, often topped with a cupola over the drying kiln area. Later in the history of New York hops production, with farmers focused on more efficient means of production, pyramid shaped barns were built, eventually evolving into multi-pyramid hop barns.[5]

[edit] Pole barns

A pole barn or a cattle barn in North America is a barn that is essentially a roof extended over a series of poles. They are generally rectangular and lack exterior walls. The roof is supported by the poles which make up the outside barrier of the barn.[6] The roof can be gabled or hooped. Pole barns are most often used for hay storage or livestock shelter. The advantages of pole barns include their low cost and their ability to store large quantities of hay in areas easily accessible by vehicles, machines and people.[7] This type of barn is very common in modern agriculture.

In the United Kingdom a pole barn refers to a type of Dutch barn.

[edit] Design

The design of most pole barns is simple. Poles make up the outer walls and support the roof, usually light, of metal or canvas. Depending on the function of the barn there can be slight differences in style. For instance, a barn used for storing hay may lack any kind of lower exterior wall while a pole barn used to house livestock would have some form of wall meeting the roof.[8]

[edit] Rice barns

Main article: Rice barn

Rice barns are used ubiquitously in the rice cultivating world for the storage and drying of harvested rice. They are prevalent in many Southeast Asian nations, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Indonesia among them. In North America rice barns were especially common in the U.S. state of South Carolina.[9]

[edit] Design

Rice barn design varies greatly from region to region and, especially, nation to nation. South Carolinian rice barns were often clad in cypress shingles.[10] In Asia a common barn design is a four pole, open-walled building; a structure that does not resemble the classical image of a barn in any way.[11]

[edit] Significance

[edit] United States

Barn design, overall, bears architectural, cultural and historical significance, as well as some anthropological and sociological significance.[9] Barn design speaks to two distinct parameters in agricultural history, one being climate and the other being occupation.[9] Different types of barns tell much about what inhabitants of the past cultivated and in what type of climate they did it in. In the United States climate allows regional barn variation to easily be divided along a north/south axis.[9] Design divided along these lines speaks to how farmers responded to the severity of the winter. In the north, where cold, harsh winters are common, buildings were more extensive and spacious, to house animals, crops and vehicles.[9] South and west, in the U.S., where the weather tends to be more mild, barn design focused on smaller more specialized structures such as tobacco barns.[9] It is regional differences in North American climate that produced the major differences in northern and southern American barns.

After climatology the biggest factor in barn design is function. All over the United States barn designs, such as those discussed above, were developed based upon the individual needs of specific crops or livestock.[9]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Hubka, Thomas C. The Americanization of the Barn, Blueprints Magazine, Spring 1994, National Building Museum. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
  2. ^ a b c Tobacco Barns of Southern Maryland, 11 Most Endangered Places, National Trust for Historic Preservation [1]. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
  3. ^ Stull, Donald D. Tobacco barns and chicken houses: Agricultural transformation in western Kentucky, Human Organization, Summer 2000. (via Find Articles). Retrieved 10 February 2007.
  4. ^ a b c Tobacco Barn, Architecture and Landscapes of Agriculture: A Field Guide , Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d Featured Article, Archives Magazine, Fall 2006, Vol. 6, No. 2, New York State Archives. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
  6. ^ Groover, Gordon. Hay Storage Alternatives - Barns, Farm Business Management Update, October - November 2003, Virginia Tech University [2], Cooperative Extension [3]. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
  7. ^ Marek, Jennifer. Barns, Center for Great Plains Study [4], Emporia State University [5]. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
  8. ^ Photographs of pole barns. Various websites. See: [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. All Retrieved 10 February 2007.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Auer, Michael J. The Preservation of Historic Barns, Preservation Briefs, National Park Service, first published October 1989. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
  10. ^ Georgetown County Rice Culture c. 1750 - c. 1910, National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form, South Carolina Department of Archives and History [11]. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
  11. ^ The Rice Barn - Alang, Lumbung, Photos of Toraja Communities [12]. Retrieved 8 February 2007.