Fujikawa method

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Fujikawa's method is a way of deriving the chiral anomaly in quantum field theory.

Suppose given a Dirac field ψ which transforms according to a ρ representation of the compact Lie group G; and we have a background connection form of taking values in the Lie algebra \mathfrak{g}. The Dirac operator (in Feynman slash notation) is

D\!\!\!\!/\ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ \partial\!\!\!/ + i A\!\!\!/

and the fermionic action is given by

\int d^dx \overline{\psi}iD\!\!\!\!/ \psi

The partition function is

Z[A]=\int \mathcal{D}\overline{\psi}\mathcal{D}\psi e^{-\int d^dx \overline{\psi}iD\!\!\!\!/\psi}.

The axial symmetry transformation goes as

\psi\to e^{i\gamma_{d+1}\alpha(x)}\psi\,
\overline{\psi}\to \overline{\psi}e^{i\gamma_{d+1}\alpha(x)}
S\to S + \int d^dx \alpha(x)\partial_\mu\left(\overline{\psi}\gamma^\mu\gamma^5\psi\right)

Classically, this implies that the chiral current, j_{d+1}^\mu \equiv \overline{\psi}\gamma^\mu\gamma^5\psi is conserved, 0 = \partial_\mu j_{d+1}^\mu.

Quantum mechanically, the chiral current is not conserved: Jackiw discovered this due to the non-vanishing of a triangle diagram. Fujikawa reinterpreted this as a change in the partition function measure under a chiral transformation. To calculate a change in the measure under a chiral transformation, first consider the dirac fermions in a basis of eigenvectors of the Dirac operator:

\psi = \sum\limits_{i}\psi_ia^i,
\overline\psi = \sum\limits_{i}\psi_ib^i,

where {ai,bi} are Grassmann valued coefficients, and {ψi} are eigenvectors of the Dirac operator:

D\!\!\!\!/ \psi_i = -\lambda_i\psi_i.

The eigenfunctions are taken to be orthonormal with respect to integration in d-dimensional space,

\delta_i^j = \int\frac{d^dx}{(2\pi)^d}\psi^{\dagger j}(x)\psi_i(x).

The measure of the path integral is then defined to be:

\mathcal{D}\psi\mathcal{D}\overline{\psi} = \prod\limits_i da^idb^i

Under an infinitesimal chiral transformation, write

\psi \to \psi^\prime = (1+i\alpha\gamma_{d+1})\psi = \sum\limits_i \psi_ia^{\prime i},
\overline\psi \to \overline{\psi}^\prime = \overline{\psi}(1+i\alpha\gamma_{d+1}) = \sum\limits_i \psi_ib^{\prime i}.

The Jacobian of the transformation can now be calculated, using the orthonormality of the eigenvectors

C^i_j \equiv \left(\frac{\delta a}{\delta a^\prime}\right)^i_j = \int d^dx \psi^{\dagger i}(x)[1-i\alpha(x)\gamma_{d+1}]\psi_j(x) = \delta^i_j - i\int d^dx \alpha(x)\psi^{\dagger i}(x)\gamma_{d+1}\psi_j(x).

The transformation of the coefficients {bi} are calculated in the same manner. Finally, the quantum measure changes as

\mathcal{D}\psi\mathcal{D}\overline{\psi} = \prod\limits_i da^i db^i = \prod\limits_i da^{\prime i}db^{\prime i}{\det}^{-2}(C^i_j),

where the Jacobian is the reciprocal of the determinant because the integration variables are Grassmanian, and the 2 appears because the a's and b's contribute equally. We can calculate the determinant by standard techniques:

\begin{align}{\det}^{-2}(C^i_j) &= \exp\left[-2{\rm tr}\ln(\delta^i_j-i\int d^dx \alpha(x)\psi^{\dagger i}(x)\gamma_{d+1}\psi_j(x))\right]\\ &= \exp\left[2i\int d^dx \alpha(x)\psi^{\dagger i}(x)\gamma_{d+1}\psi_i(x)\right]\end{align}

to first order in α(x).

Specialising to the case where α is a constant, the Jacobian must be regularised because the integral is ill-defined as written. Fujikawa employed heat kernel regularization, such that

\begin{align}-2{\rm tr}\ln C^i_j &= 2i\lim\limits_{M\to\infty}\alpha\int d^dx \psi^{\dagger i}(x)\gamma_{d+1} e^{-\lambda_i^2/M^2}\psi_i(x)\\ &= 2i\lim\limits_{M\to\infty}\alpha\int d^dx \psi^{\dagger i}(x)\gamma_{d+1} e^{{D\!\!\!\!/}^2/M^2}\psi_i(x)\end{align}

({D\!\!\!\!/}^2 can be re-written as D^2+\tfrac{1}{4}[\gamma^\mu,\gamma^\nu]F_{\mu\nu}, and the eigenfunctions can be expanded in a plane wave basis)

= 2i\lim\limits_{M\to\infty}\alpha\int d^dx\int\frac{d^dk}{(2\pi)^d}\int\frac{d^dk^\prime}{(2\pi)^d} \psi^{\dagger i}(k^\prime)e^{ik^\prime x}\gamma_{d+1} e^{-k^2/M^2+1/(4M^2)[\gamma^\mu,\gamma^\nu]F_{\mu\nu}}e^{-ikx}\psi_i(k)
= -\frac{-2\alpha}{(2\pi)^{d/2}(\frac{d}{2})!}(\tfrac{1}{2}F)^{d/2},

after applying the completeness relation for the eigenvectors, performing the trace over γ-matrices, and taking the limit in M. The result is expressed in terms of the field strength 2-form, F \equiv F_{\mu\nu}dx^\mu\wedge dx^\nu

This result is equivalent to (\tfrac{d}{2})^{\rm th} Chern class of the \mathfrak{g}-bundle over the d-dimensional base space, and gives the chiral anomaly, responsible for the non-conservation of the chiral current.