Frederick, Maryland

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Frederick, Maryland
Official seal of Frederick, Maryland
Seal
Location in Maryland
Location in Maryland
Coordinates: 39°25′35″N 77°25′13″W / 39.42639, -77.42028
Country United States
State Maryland
County Frederick
Founded 1745
Government
 - Mayor William J. Holtzinger (R)
 - Board of Alderman Marcia Hall (D)
Alan E. Imhoff (R)
David P. Koontz (D)
Donna K. Ramsburg (D)
C. Paul Smith (R)
Area
 - Total 20.4 sq mi (52.9 km²)
 - Land 20.4 sq mi (52.9 km²)
 - Water 0 sq mi (0 km²)
Elevation 302 ft (92 m)
Population (2004)
 - Total 57,009
 - Density 2,584.4/sq mi (997.7/km²)
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 - Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-6)
Area code(s) 301, 240
FIPS code 24-30325
GNIS feature ID 0584497
Website: http://www.cityoffrederick.com/

Frederick is the county seat of Frederick County, Maryland, USA.

As of the 2006 census estimates, the city has a total population of 58,882,[1] making it the third largest incorporated area in Maryland.[2] Frederick is home to Frederick Municipal Airport (FDK), which primarily accommodates general aviation traffic, and to the U.S. Army's Fort Detrick, the largest employer in the county. Frederick is also home to BP Solar, which is the second largest employer in the county and one of the largest solar panel factories in the country.

Frederick's newspaper of record is The Frederick News-Post.

Contents

[edit] Geography

Frederick is located in Frederick County in the western part of the State of Maryland. The city has served as a major crossroads since colonial times. Today it is located at the junction of Interstate 70, Interstate 270, U.S. Route 340, U.S. Route 40 and U.S. Route 15. In relation to nearby cities, Frederick lies forty-seven miles northwest of Washington, DC, forty-nine miles west of Baltimore, Maryland, twenty-four miles southeast of Hagerstown, Maryland, and seventy-one miles southwest of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The city's coordinates 39°25'35" North, 77°25'13" West (39.426294, -77.420403).[3]

According to the 2004 report of United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 20.4 square miles (52.9 km²). The city's area is predominantly land, with the only water being the Monocacy River, which runs to the east of the city, Carroll Creek (which runs through the city and causes periodic floods, such as that during the summer of 1972), and Culler Lake, a man-made small body in the downtown area.

[edit] History

“Frederick Town” was laid out by Daniel Dulany (a land speculator) in 1745,[4] and settled by a German immigrant party led by a young German Reformed schoolmaster from the Rhineland Palatinate named Johann Thomas Schley (d. 1790), who came to the Maryland colony with his wife, Maria Winz. They built the first house of the new town which into the 20th century stood at the corner of Middle Alley and East Patrick Street. The settlement was founded upon a tract of land granted by Daniel Dulany on the banks of Carroll Creek. Within three years the settlement had become the county seat of Frederick County. It is uncertain which Frederick the town was named for, but the likeliest candidates are Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore,[5] Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales,[6] and Frederick II "The Great" of Prussia. Most sources agree it was named for Frederick Calvert.

Schley's first task as leader of the settlement party was the foundation of a German Reformed Church (today the church is known as Evangelical Reformed Church, UCC), which also served immediately as a public school, in keeping with the German Reformed tradition of sponsoring universal public education. Many of the Pennsylvania Dutch settled in Frederick as they migrated westward in the late 18th Century. Frederick was a stop along the German migration route that led down through the "Great Valley" (Shenandoah Valley, etc.) all the way to the western Piedmont in North Carolina.

The city served as a major crossroads from colonial times. British General Braddock marched west through Frederick on the way to the fateful ambush near Fort Pitt during the French and Indian War. To control this crossroads during the American Revolution, the British garrisoned a Hessian regiment in the town during the war (the barracks still stand). The Schleys were activists for the American Revolution and had been a military family in Germany, with one ancestor holding high rank at the Battle of Parma in 1714.[citation needed] One of Johann Thomas Schley's sons, George Jacob, served in the Maryland line of the Continental Army.[citation needed] Afterwards, with no way to return to their homeland, the men of the Hessian regiment stayed on and married into the families of the town, strengthening its German identity.[citation needed] Later, when President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the building of the National Road from Baltimore to St. Louis, the "National Pike" ran through Frederick along Patrick Street.

From these beginnings, Frederick grew to an important market town, but by the first third of the 19th century, the town had also become one of the leading mining counties of the United States, producing gold, copper, limestone, marble, iron and other minerals. As early as the American Revolution, Catoctin Furnace near Thurmont had been the site of significant iron production.

When the first wave of Irish refugees from the potato famine settled in the city in 1846, one of the leading members of the Schley family married into the Wilson family from Ireland. Consequently, many of the Schleys converted to Catholicism and residents of Frederick began to speak English for the first time in the town's history--up until then, the language had been German.[citation needed] Frederick was known during the nineteenth century for its religious pluralism, with one of its main thoroughfares, Church Street, hosting half-a-dozen major churches. The main Catholic Church, St. John's, was built in 1800, then rebuilt in 1837 (across the street) one block north of Church Street on East Second Street, where it still stands.[7] Together, these churches dominated the town, set against the backdrop of the first ridge of the Appalachians, Catoctin Mountain. The abolitionist poet John Greenleaf Whittier immortalized this view of Frederick in his poem to Barbara Fritchie: "The clustered spires of Frederick stand--greenwalled in the hills of Maryland."[8]

Frederick's status as a major crossroads put the town at the center of the Maryland campaigns of the Civil War, during which both Union and Confederate troops marched through the city. General Stonewall Jackson led his light infantry division through Frederick on his way to the battles of Crampton's, Fox's and Turner's Gaps and Antietam in September 1862, leading to an incident with Pennsylvania Dutch resident Barbara Fritchie commemorated in the poem of the same name by John Greenleaf Whittier. Major General Jesse L. Reno's IX Corps followed Jackson's men through the city a few days later on the way to the Battle of South Mountain.

Although Frederick was culturally Southern, and many of the Schleys had been slaveholders, the family also possessed a deep streak of military nationalism, probably from its German heritage. Thus, during the Civil War, Major Henry Schley, brother of Colonel Edward Schley (d. 1857), at the age of 72 fought for the Union as the aide de camp to General Lew Wallace, one of Grant's key adjutants at the Battle of Shiloh (1862), along with Generals William Tecumseh Sherman and Don Carlos Buell. General Wallace also fought Confederate General Jubal Early outside of Frederick at the Battle of Monocacy in 1864 (below). Major Henry Schley's son, Dr. Fairfax Schley, became a prominent civic leader after the war.[citation needed] A cousin,[citation needed] Admiral Winfield Scott Schley served in the United States Navy from 1860 through the Spanish American War, where he led the American fleet to victory over the Spanish at Santiago Bay in 1898. Gilmer Schley served as Mayor from 1919-1922 and the Schleys remained one of the town's leading families into the late twentieth century. Nathaniel Wilson Schley, son of Gilmer Schley, became a prominent banker at the Farmers and Mechanics Citizens' National Bank. His wife, Mary Margaret Schley, was a Daughter of the American Revolution, a perennial leader of the Garden Society and a life member of the Frederick County Agricultural Society(FCAS), sponsor and organizer of the annual Great Frederick Fair, one of the two largest agricultural fairs in the State (with the annual State Fair at Timonium, Maryland). Their son, Donald Gilmer Schley, along with John T. Best, Gordon Smith, Frank Stauffer, Emmons C. Sanner and other FCAS board members worked in the late 1960s to shift the nightly entertainment at the then declining Fair from a New York show and Borscht-belt comedian venue to a country western venue. At first they brought stars such as Barbara and Louise Mandrell, and over the later years Reba McEntire, Lee Greenwood and many other outstanding country-western stars to the annual September event, making the Fair the site of a major annual country-western festival.[citation needed] Schley Avenue commemorates the family's role in the city's heritage.

Frederick also had Jewish residents as early as the 1740s, when pioneers Henry Lazarus and Levy Cohan settled there as merchants. An organized Jewish community, comprised mainly of German Jewish immigrants, took shape in the mid-19th Century and the Frederick Hebrew Congregation was organized in 1858. Later the congregation lapsed, but was reorganized in 1919 as a cooperative effort between the older settlers and more recently arrived Eastern European Jews under the name Beth Sholom.

In 1905, Rev. E.B. Hatcher started the First Baptist Church of Frederick.

In 1921, the first high school for African-Americans was founded at 170 West All Saints Street. Later it moved to 250 Madison Street, where it eventually became South Frederick Elementary. The building still stands and presently houses the Lincoln Elementary School.

[edit] Demographics

As of the census[9] of 2000, there are 52,767 people, 20,891 households, and 12,787 families residing in the city. The population density is 2,584.4 people per square mile (997.7/km²).[citation needed] There are 22,106 housing units at an average density of 1,082.7/sq mi (418.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city is 79.1% White, 16.0% Black or African American, 0.8% Native American, 3.8% Asian American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.9% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. 4.80% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.[10]

For those 20,891 households, 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% are married couples living together, 12.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.8% are non-families. 30.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.42 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the city, the population has 25.1% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 35.2% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34.7 years. For every 100 females there are 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.4 males.[11]

According to sample data, from 1999, the median income for a household in the city is $47,700, and the median income for a family is $56,778. Males have a median income of $38,399 versus $27,732 for females. The per capita income for the city is $23,053. 7.4% of the population and 4.8% of families are below the poverty line. 6.8% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[12]

[edit] Government

[edit] Mayor or City Executive

The current Mayor of Frederick is William J. Holtzinger. Previous Mayors include:

  • Lawrence Brengle (1817)
  • Hy Kuhn (1818–1820)
  • George Baer, Jr. (1820–1823)
  • John L. Harding (1823–1826)
  • George Kolb (1826–1829)
  • Thomas Carlton (1829–1835)
  • Daniel Kolb (1835–1838)
  • Michael Baltzell (1838–1841)
  • George Hoskins (1841–1847)
  • M. E. Bartgis (1847–1849)
  • James Bartgis (1849–1856)
  • Lewis Brunner (1856–1859)
  • W. G. Cole (1859–1865)
  • J. Engelbrecht (1865–1868)
  • Valerius Ebert (1868–1871)
  • Thomas M. Holbruner (1871–1874)
  • Lewis M. Moberly (1874–1883)
  • Hiram Bartgis (1883–1889)
  • Lewis H. Doll (1889–1890)
  • Lewis Brunner (1890–1892)
  • John E. Fleming (1892–1895)
  • Aquilla R. Yeakle (1895–1898)
  • William F. Chilton (1898–1901)
  • George Edward Smith (1901–1910)
  • John Edward Schell (1910–1913)
  • Lewis H. Fraley (1913–1919)
  • Gilmer Schley (1919–1922)
  • Lloyd C. Culler (1922–1931)
  • Elmer F. Munshower (1931–1934)
  • Lloyd C. Culler (1934–1943)
  • Hugh V. Gittinger (1943–1946)
  • Lloyd C. Culler (1946–1950)
  • Elmer F. Munshower (1950–1951)
  • Donald B. Rice (1951–1954)
  • John A. Derr (1954–1958)
  • Jacob R. Ramsburg (1958–1962)
  • E. Paul Magaha (1962–1966)
  • John A. Derr (1966–1970)
  • E. Paul Magaha (1970–1974)
  • Ronald N. Young (1974–1990)
  • Paul P. Gordon (1990–1994)
  • James S. Grimes (1994–2002)
  • Jennifer Dougherty (2002–2006)
  • W. Jeff Holtzinger (2006-

[edit] Representative body

Frederick has a Board of Aldermen of six members (one of whom is the Mayor) which serves as its legislative body. Elections are held every 4 years. The current board was elected November 1, 2005, and consists of Marcia Hall, David Koontz, Alan Imhoff, C. Paul Smith, and Donna Kuzemchak Ramsburg.

[edit] Arts

Image:"Mural Bridge".jpg
A corner of the "Mural Bridge." The bridge sides are actually flat concrete; the rocks, ivy, enclaves, and birds are all painted.

Frederick has a bridge covered with a mural called the "Community Bridge." The artist, William Cochran, has been acclaimed for the realism of the painting. Thousands of people sent ideas representing community that appear throughout the stonework of the bridge. One of the most interesting parts of the mural is an angel that appears in perspective if you look at it from the proper angle (the proper angle being the middle window of the second floor of the Delaplaine Visual Arts Center). To the people of Frederick, it is called "the mural", "painted bridge", or more commonly known to the people as the "mural bridge."

The Frederick Arts Council is the designated arts organization for Frederick County. The organization is charged with promoting, supporting, and advocating the arts, a thriving community in the city. There are over ten art galleries in downtown Frederick, and three theaters are located within 50 feet of each other (Cultural Arts Center, Weinberg Center for the Arts, and the Maryland Ensemble Theatre). Frederick is the home of the Maryland Shakespeare Festival.

In August 2007, the streets of Frederick were adorned with 30 life-size fiberglass keys as part of a major public art project entitled "The Keys to Frederick."

Frederick also has its own community orchestra, The Frederick Symphony Orchestra, that performs five concerts per year consisting of classical masterpieces. Other musical organizations in Frederick include the Frederick Chorale, the Choral Arts Society of Frederick, the Frederick Regional Youth Orchestra, the Frederick Children's Chorus, and the Frederick Symphonic Band.

Frederick is home to Frederick School of Classical Ballet, the official school for Maryland Regional Ballet. Approximately 30 dance studios are located around Frederick. Each year, these studios have an opportunity to perform at the annual DanceFest event.

Frederick contains both Hood College and Frederick Community College.

A weekly carillon recital is played on the Joseph Dill Baker Carillon each Sunday at noon for half an hour. The carillon can be heard from anywhere in Baker Park, or the City Carillonneur can be viewed playing in the tower, which is open each week at that time.

The city is well-known for the Clustered Spires skyline of its historic downtown buildings. These spires are depicted on the city's seal and many other city-affiliated logos and insignia.

Frederick is a sister city to two German cities, Schifferstadt and Mörzheim.

The city is home to WFRE and WAFY radio stations.

[edit] Sports

[edit] Education

C. Burr Artz Public Library
C. Burr Artz Public Library

[edit] Public schools

Frederick County Public Schools (FCPS) operates area public schools.

High Schools in Frederick City and County:

Other Public Schools: Adult Education, Career and Technology Center, Heather Ridge School, Outdoor School, Rock Creek School, and The Earth and Space Science Laboratory.

[edit] Private high schools

  • Saint John's Catholic Prep (at Prospect Hall)
  • New Life Christian School
  • Frederick Christian Academy
  • The Banner School

[edit] Colleges and universities

[edit] K-12 Schools

[edit] Sites of historical interest

Frederick, Maryland is rich in colonial and Civil War history and is home to both major defense and cultural institutions. The National Museum of Civil War Medicine is located here, as is the U.S. Army facility of Fort Detrick. Hood College and the Maryland School for the Deaf are also established here. Frederick also sports a minor-league baseball team, the Frederick Keys. Frederick is also home of several liberal organizations including the Peace Resource Center of Frederick County, an installation of Women in Black, and the Frederick Progressive Action Coalition or FredPac.

Frederick was the site of a Civil War speech given by President Abraham Lincoln, which took place at what was then a train depot at the current intersection of South and Market Streets. A plaque commemorates the speech.

Several historic Civil War battlefields are located near Frederick. Due west along Alternate US 40, and west of Burkittsville, Maryland, lie the sites of the three episodes in the Battle of South Mountain: the battles of Crampton's (September 14, 1862), Fox's, and Turner's Gaps, where Confederate troops under Jackson and Walker unsuccessfully attempted to halt the Federal army's advance into the Cumberland Valley. The war correspondents' memorial can be found at Gathland State Park at Crampton's Gap, just west of Burkittsville. The memorial to the slain Union General Jesse Reno lies on the south side of Alternate US 40, west of Middletown, just below the summitt of Fox's Gap. 21 miles to the southwest lies historic Harper's Ferry, which dominates the confluence of the Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers. Here stood a key Federal arsenal, and in 1859, Kansas Abolitionist John Brown seized these works, only to be surrounded and captured by a Federal force under Robert E. Lee. Early on September 17, 1862, Confederate General A. P. Hill raided the arsenal at Harper's Ferry to re-equip his own division. When a rider arrived at 1 pm that afternoon informing Hill of Lee's desperate position, Hill ordered his 6000 men to form ranks and march at double-time to Lee's aid at Antietam (Sharpsburg). His division covered the 17 miles between Harper's Ferry and the battlefield in just three hours, arriving "in the nick of time" to turn back Burnside's men, who were just forcing the bridge across Antietam Creek.[citation needed]

Collectors still find Civil War artifacts in the vicinity of Harper's Ferry, especially on Maryland Heights above the town on the Maryland side of the Potomac. The Monocacy Battlefield lies just outside the city limits, while Antietam and Gettysburg lie approximately thirty-five miles to the west and north, respectively.

Another notable Civil War location is the former home of Barbara Fritchie, the woman who (according to legend) waved the Stars and Stripes in defiance of Confederate commander Stonewall Jackson and his troops as they marched through downtown Frederick. These events are the subject of an 1864 poem by John Greenleaf Whittier. Barbara Fritchie is buried in Frederick's Mt. Olivet cemetery next to Governor Thomas Johnson and Francis Scott Key.

Other notable Fredericktonians include former Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney and John Hanson, the first President of the United States under the Articles of Confederation. Frederick is also the resting place of Francis Scott Key, the author of the National Anthem of the United States, "The Star-Spangled Banner." Also resting there, in the All Saints' Parish Cemetery is Thomas Sim Lee (1745–1819), who served two terms as Governor of Maryland. Lee was influential in the enactment of Statehood for Maryland and played an important role in completing the formation of the union in 1781.

[edit] Notable houses

The oldest house in the City of Frederick is Schifferstadt, built in 1756 by German settler Joseph Brunner. It is now the Schifferstadt Architectural Museum.

In 1814, eminent ophthalmologist Dr. John Tyler built the famed Tyler Spite House at 112 W Church Street in Frederick to spite the City of Frederick by preventing the city from extending Record Street south through Tyler's land to meet West Patrick Street (also named Maryland Route 144).[13] The Tyler Spite House now operates as a bed and breakfast business.[13]

[edit] Transportation

From 1896 to 1961, Frederick was served by the Hagerstown & Frederick Railway, an interurban trolley service that was among the last surviving systems of its kind in the United States.

Currently, the city is served by MARC commuter rail service, which operates several trains daily to Washington, D.C., Express bus route 991, which operates to the Shady Grove Metrorail Station, and a series of buses operated by TransIT services of Frederick, Maryland

Main article: TransIT services of Frederick, Maryland

Frederick has an airport with a mile long runway and a second 3600' runway. It is the home airport of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association due to its proximity to Washington D.C. and ability to handle small twin engine jets.[citation needed]

[edit] Notable residents and natives

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Frederick, Maryland — Population Finder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-03-26.
  2. ^ cities & towns — All Places: 2000 to 2006. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-03-26.
  3. ^ US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990. United States Census Bureau (2005-05-03). Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
  4. ^ See for example the Overall history of Frederick, pp 2-6.
  5. ^ Fort Frederick State Park History. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
  6. ^ Frederick, Maryland. Maryland Municipal League. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
  7. ^ St. John the Evangelist, Roman Catholic Church – Frederick, Maryland. Retrieved on 2007-12-16.
  8. ^ Dana, Charles Anderson, ed. (1879). The Household Book of Poetry. D. Appleton, 381-382. 
  9. ^ American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
  10. ^ DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000
    Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data
    Geographic Area: Frederick city, Maryland    . Census 2000 Gateway. Retrieved on 2008-01-06.
  11. ^ QT-P1. Age Groups and Sex: 2000
    Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data
    Geographic Area: Frederick city, Maryland    . Census 2000 Gateway. Retrieved on 2008-01-06.
  12. ^ DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000
    Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 4 (SF 4) - Sample Data
    Geographic Area: Frederick city, Maryland    . Census 2000 Gateway. Retrieved on 2008-01-06.
  13. ^ a b Williams, N. (April 29, 1990) Los Angeles Times This Maryland House was built just for spite. Section: travel; Page 14. Location: Tyler Spite House, 112 W Church St, Frederick, MD 21701.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

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