Franz Ritter von Epp
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| Franz Ritter von Epp | |
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| In office 1933 – 1945 |
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Member of the Reichstag
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| In office 1928 – 1945 |
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| Born | October 16, 1868 Munich, Germany |
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| Died | December 31, 1946 Munich |
| Nationality | German |
| Political party | BVP, from 1928 NSDAP |
Franz Ritter von Epp (16 October 1868 in Munich – 31 December 1946 in Munich) was a regular officer in the Imperial German Army of the early part of the 20th century, who rose to the office of Reichsstatthalter of Bavaria, a position of dictatorial power, under the Nazis.
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[edit] Life
Franz Ritter von Epp was born in Munich in 1868, under the name of Franz Epp, being the son of the painter Rudolph Epp and Katharina Streibel. He spent his school years in Augsburg and after this joined the military academy in Munich. He served as a volunteer in East Asia during the Boxer rebellion in 1900-01 and then became a company commander in the German colony Deutsch-Südwestafrika (now Namibia), where he took part in the bloody crushing of the Herero rebellion[1]. During the First World War, he served as the commanding officer of a Bavarian regiment, the Infanterie-Leibregiment, in France, Serbia, Romania and at the Isonzo front.
For his war service, he received a large number of medals, the Pour le Mérite (29 May 1918) being the most prominent. He was also knighted, being made Ritter von Epp on 25 February 1918, and received the Bavarian Militär-Max Joseph-Orden (23 June 1916).
After the end of the war he formed the Freikorps Epp, a right-wing, paramilitary formation mostly made up of war veterans, who Ernst Roehm, future leader of the SA, was a member of[2]. It took part in the crushing of the Bavarian Soviet Republic in Munich, being responsible for various massacres. He joined the Reichswehr and was promoted to Generalmajor in 1922. He took his leave from the German army after getting involved with right-wing associations in 1923.
When it became necessary for the NSDAP to purchase a newspaper to publicize its political creed, Epp made available some 60,000 Reichsmarks from secret army funds to acquire the Völkische Beobachter[3], which would become the daily mouthpiece of the party.
As the SA expanded, it became an armed band of several hundred thousand men, whose function was to protect and guard Nazi rallies and to disrupt those of other political parties. Some of its leaders, particularly Roehm, visualized the SA as supplanting the regular army when Hitler came to power. To this end a department was set up under Epp called the Wehrpolitisches Amt (Army political office). Nothing came of this, as the role of the SA was dramatically recast after the Night of the Long Knives.
Epp became a member of the German parliament, the Reichstag, for the NSDAP after leaving the BVP in 1928, holding this position until 1945. He served as the NSDAP's head of its Military-Political Office from 1928 to 1945, and later as leader of the German Colonial Society, an organization devout to regaining Germanys lost colonies.
Epp's final notable historical action occurred on March 9, 1933, two weeks before the Reichstag passed the enabling act which granted Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers. On the orders of Hitler and Wilhelm Frick he abolished the Government of Bavaria and set up a Nazi regime. He became Reichskommissar, later Reichsstatthalter, for Bavaria in 1933, in this position clashing with Bavarias Nazi prime minister Ludwig Siebert, which Siebert eventually succeeding over Epp. Epp's attempt to limit the influence of the central government into Bavarian politics failed. Epp however continued in his post as Reichsstatthalter until the end of the war, politically insignificant.
He distanced himself somewhat from other Nazi leaders during the war, the main reason for this was however personal dislike of some of them. He did not question or disagree with the regimes's politics.
He was arrested on Paul Giesler's orders in 1945, being associated with the Freiheitsaktion Bayern, a group opposed to the Nazis. Epp however did not want to directly be involved with the group as he considered their goal, surrender to the allies, a form of backstabbing of the German army[4].
At the end of the war, he was imprisoned by the Americans and died in a prison camp in 1946.[5]
[edit] Notes
Regarding personal names: Ritter is a title, translated approximately as Knight, not a first or middle name. There is no equivalent female form.
[edit] See also
[edit] Further reading
- Ein Leben für Deutschalnd (A life for Germany), Autobiography by Franz Ritter von Epp, Munich, 1939
[edit] External links
- Franz Ritter von Epp at the internet movie database
- Picture of Franz Ritter von Epp, taken in 1943 Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
[edit] Sources
- Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg - Bosls bayrische Biographie - Franz Ritter von Epp (in German), author: Karl Bosl, publisher: Pustet, page 179-180
- Biography of Franz Ritter von Epp (in German)
- Franz Ritter von Epp Record of his military career
[edit] References
- ^ Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations google book review, author: Kurt Jonassohn, Karin Solveig Björnson, publisher: Transaction Publishers
- ^ The unmaking of Adolf Hitler google book review, author: Eugene Davidson publisher: University of Missouri Press
- ^ Shirer, William L.: The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 1960
- ^ Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg - Bosls bayrische Biographie - Franz Ritter von Epp (in German), author: Karl Bosl, publisher: Pustet, page 179-180
- ^ motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org. Retrieved on 2007-08-24.
