Francis Egerton, 8th Earl of Bridgewater

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Francis Henry Egerton, 8th Earl of Bridgewater (November 11, 1756-February 11, 1829), known as Francis Egerton until 1823, was a noted British eccentric, and supporter of natural theology.

He was a son of John Egerton, Bishop of Durham and Anne Sophia Grey. His maternal grandparents were Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent and his second wife Sophia Bentinck. Sophia was a daughter of William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland and Anne Villiers. Anne was a daughter of Sir Edward Villiers and his first wife Frances Howard. She was also a sister of Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey.

Egerton was known for giving dinner parties for dogs, where the dogs were dressed in the finest fashions of the day, down to fancy miniature shoes. Each day Egerton wore a new pair of shoes and he arranged the worn shoes into rows, so that he could measure the passing time. An animal lover, Egerton kept partridges and pigeons with clipped wings in his garden, allowing him to shoot them despite failing eyesight. Egerton never married, and upon his death, his title became extinct.

Egerton was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and became fellow of All Souls in 1780, and F.R.S. in 1781. He bequeathed to the British Museum the valuable Egerton Manuscripts, consisting of 67 manuscripts dealing with the literature of France and Italy, and £12,000 to establish the Egerton Fund from which the Museum could purchase additional manuscripts. More than 3800 manuscripts have been purchased using the Egerton fund. He also left £8000 at the disposal of the president of the Royal Society, to be paid to the author or authors who might be selected to write and publish 1000 copies of a treatise "On the Power, Wisdom and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation". Mr Davies Gilbert, who then filled the office, selected eight persons, each to undertake a branch of this subject, and each to receive £1000 as his reward, together with any benefit that might accrue from the sale of his work, according to the will of the testator.

The Bridgewater treatises were published as follows:

The Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Condition of Man, by Thomas Chalmers, D. D.
On The Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man, by John Kidd, M. D.
Astronomy and General Physics considered with reference to Natural Theology, by William Whewell, D. D.
The hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments as evincing Design, by Sir Charles Bell.
Animal and Vegetable Physiology, Considered with Reference to Natural Theology Animal and Vegetable Physiology considered with reference to Natural Theology, by Peter Mark Roget.
Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology, by William Buckland, D.D.
The Habits and Instincts of Animals with reference to Natural Theology, by William Kirby.
Chemistry, Meteorology, and the Function of Digestion, considered with reference to Natural Theology, by William Prout, M.D.

Charles Babbage wrote a fragment of a ninth, unauthorized, treatise. There was a supplement to this, also fragmentary and posthumously published, by Thomas Hill.

The works are of unequal merit; several of them took a high rank in apologetic literature. Robert Knox, the anatomist, referred to them as the "Bilgewater Treatises"; he was an idealist, and disliked the detailed and utilitarian explanations of the Treatises. The joke became commonplace, and can be found in Charles Darwin's correspondence. They first appeared during the years 1833 to 1840, and afterwards in Bohn's Scientific Library.