France-Habsburg rivalry
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The term France-Habsburg rivalry (German: Habsburgisch-Französischer Gegensatz) describes the rivalry between the House of Habsburg, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire as well as Spain, and the kingdom of France, lasting from 1516 until 1756.
Since the late Middle Ages the Austrian Habsburgs sought peaceful coalitions by marriage, described by their motto: Bella gerant alii, tu felix Austria, nube! - Wars may be led by others - you, happy Austria, marry! Following this tradition Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I married Mary, the last Valois duchess of Burgundy in 1477. 19 years later their son Philip the Handsome married Joanna of Castile, only heiress to the spanish throne. Maximilian's grandson Charles united all these possessions, when he became King of Spain (as Charles I) in 1516 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 (as Charles V). He ruled over a vast Empire on which the sun never sets. Now France had the Habsburgs on three sides as its neighbor, with Spain to the south, the County of Flanders to the north and the Franche-Comté to the east.
Even though the realm of Charles V was divided between the German and the Spanish branches of his dynasty in 1555, most of the territories of the Burgundian Inheritance, including Flanders, stayed with the Spanish crown. France regarded the encirclement by the Habsburg powers as a permanent threat and led several wars during the next 200 years, to prevent a Spanish-Habsburg pre-eminence in Europe. Among this conflicts the Thirty Years' War was the most significant one, devastating large parts of Germany, and shaping a new political map of Europe.
After 1648 France became predominant in central Europe. As a consequence of the peace treaty of Munster and the Treaty of the Pyrenees, Spain was reduced to a second-rank power, and since the second turkish siege of Vienna in 1683, the Austrian Habsburgs focussed more and more on their conflicts with the Ottoman Empire on the Balkans. After the death of the last Spanish Habsburg Charles II in 1700 king Louis XIV of France claimed the Spanish throne for his grandson Philip. This caused the War of the Spanish Succession. In the treaty of Utrecht Louis succeeded in installing the Bourbon dynasty in Spain and in bringing the Habsburg encirclement of France to an end. After 200 years the rivalry had lost its original cause, but the two powers remained hostile for another 40 years.
Only in 1756, in the Seven Years' War against the new power of Prussia, France and Austria became allies for the first time. This alliance was later sealed with the marriage of Austrian princess Marie Antoinette to the French Dauphin, later King Louis XVI.
The Napoleonic Wars put an end to the Holy Roman Empire, but they also marked the beginning of a new French-German enmity that led to two World Wars.
