User:Fowler&fowler/Gee's Golden Langur

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Gee's Golden Langur[1]

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Trachypithecus
Species group: T. pileatus
Species: T. geei
Binomial name
Trachypithecus geei
(Khajuria, 1956)
Synonyms

Presbytis geei

Gee's Golden Langur (Trachypithecus geei), or simply the Golden Langur, is an Old World monkey found in a small region of western Assam, India and in the neighboring foothills of the Black Mountains of Bhutan.[3] In 1988, two captive groups of Golden Langurs were released into two protected areas of the western region of the state of Tripura, India. As of 2000, one of these groups, consisting of six (and possibly eight) individuals in the Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary, had survived.[4] The Golden Langur is one of the most endangered primate species of South Asia;[3] it was first brought to the attention of taxonomists by the naturalist E. P. Gee in the 1950s.[5]

Contents

[edit] Context and content

There are two recognized subspecies of this lutung:

  • Trachypithecus geei geei [Khajuria 1956][6]
  • Trachypithecus geei bhutanensis [Wangchuk 2003][7]

[edit] General characters

The coat of the adult Golden Langur is cream coloured in dull light and golden in sunlight; on its flanks and chest the hairs are darker and often rust coloured; the coats of the juveniles and females are lighter, silvery white to light buff.[8] The Golden Langur has a black face and a very long tail measuring up to 50 centimeters (19.69 in) in length. For the most part, the langur is confined to high trees where its long tail serves as a balancer when it leaps across branches. During the rainy season it obtains water from dew and rain drenched leaves. Its diet is herbivorous, consisting of ripe and unripe fruits, mature and young leaves, seeds, buds and flowers.

[edit] History

Figure 1. Map of British India and Bhutan (1909) around the time the sightings of the Golden Langur were first reported, with northwest Assam, northeast Bengal, Sikkim, and Bhutan highlighted in orange.
Figure 1. Map of British India and Bhutan (1909) around the time the sightings of the Golden Langur were first reported, with northwest Assam, northeast Bengal, Sikkim, and Bhutan highlighted in orange.
Figure 2. The highlighted area of Figure 1, showing the Golden Langur's habitat, within the red square.
Figure 2. The highlighted area of Figure 1, showing the Golden Langur's habitat, within the red square.

According to Khajuria 1978, the earliest available record of the Golden Langur is in Pemberton 1838, which states that "Griffith observed these monkeys near Tongso in Central Bhutan." However, since Pemberton's work was lost and not rediscovered until the 1970s, the scientific discovery of the Golden Langur unfolded differently. According to Gee 1961, early in the twentieth century, some hunters and forest rangers – with E. O. Shebbeare, in 1907, likely the first – reported seeing a "cream coloured langur" in the vicinity of the Jamduar[9] Forest Rest House on the east bank of the Sankosh river close to the border of British India with Bhutan (see Figure 1 and 2), however neither a photograph nor a live or dead specimen was presented at that time. The first reference to the Golden Langur (as an animal of unidentified taxonomic status) in print was in Inglis et al. 1919, who stated, "Pithecus sp? – A pale yellow coloured langur is common in the adjoining district of Goalpara (Assam) (Figure 2). Jerdon reported one from Terai, the adjacent district on the (west) side, which Blanford suggested might be P. entellus."[10]

At around the time of India's independence in 1947 a number of other sightings were reported. In February 1947, in the Forest Rest House visitor's book in Raimona, a few miles south of Jamduar, C. G. Baron reported seeing some langurs whose "whole body and tail is one colour – a light silvery-gold, somewhat like the hair of a blonde." A year later, back in Jamduar, H. E. Tyndale, a tea planter, reported seeing "Sankosh cream langurs."[10] However, it wasn't until a few years later that a focused effort to identify the Golden Langur was mounted by E. P. Gee, who traveled to Jamduar in November 1953. His team were able to observe three groups of Golden Langurs, all on the east bank of the Sankosh river. The first group was observed on the Bhutan side of the border; the second group, a large one of 30 to 40 individuals, a mile north of Jamduar on the Indian side; and a third group four to five miles (6.44km to 8.05 km) south near Raimona. Colour movies of the second group were made by E. P. Gee.[10]

In August 1954, Gee reported his findings to an expert at the Zoological Society of London, who advised that the Golden Langur might be a new species. In January 1955, Gee also reported his results to the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) and, after showing his movies of the Golden Langurs, suggested that Jamduar be included in the then-upcoming ZSI-survey of that region. The suggestion received the support of Dr. S. L. Hora, then Director of ZSI, and later that year six specimens of the Golden Langur were collected by the survey party.[10] The following year, Dr. H. Khajuria, a taxonomist who studied the specimens, described the new species in Khajuria 1956, and named it Presbystis geei in honour of Gee.[11]

[edit] Distribution

Map showing the two disconnected regions of distribution (within red rectangles) of the Golden Langur in Assam-Bhutan and Tripura.
Map showing the two disconnected regions of distribution (within red rectangles) of the Golden Langur in Assam-Bhutan and Tripura.

The regions of its distribution are very small; the main region is limited to an area approximately 60 miles square bounded on the south by the Brahmaputra river, on the east by the Manas river, on the west by the Sankosh river, all in Assam, India, and on the north by the Black Mountains of Bhutan,[3] and the secondary region, 200 miles to the south-southeast, is in a small portion of the northwestern part of Tripura state. The Golden Langur is currently endangered; a total Indian population in 2001 of 1,064 individuals, in 130 groups, was recorded. Of these, approximately 60% were adults indicating a relative lack of infants and juveniles.[12] The smallest Golden Langur troop was composed of four individuals, while the largest had 22, giving an average value of 8.2 individuals per troop.[12] The adult gender ratio was 2.3 females to every male, although the majority of groups had only one adult male.[12]

[edit] Form and function

[edit] Ontogeny and reproduction

[edit] Ecology

[edit] Behaviour

[edit] Evolution and Phylogeography

[edit] Conservation

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Groves, Colin (16 November 2005). in Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 176. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 
  2. ^ Participants of CBSG CAMP workshop: Status of South Asian Primates (March 2002) (2004). Trachypithecus geei. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is endangered
  3. ^ a b c (Srivastava et al. 2001, p. 15)
  4. ^ Gupta & Chivers 2000
  5. ^ Gee 1955, Gee 1961
  6. ^ Khajuria 1956
  7. ^ Wangchuk, Inouye & Hare 2003
  8. ^ Prater 1971, p. 42
  9. ^ Jamduar was a village in the early 1900s, which is now a part of the town of Kokrajhar
  10. ^ a b c d Gee 1961, pp. 1-4
  11. ^ According to Gee 1961, the new name, Presbystis geei, came to be inadvertently included in his short note, Gee 1955, which was published two months before Khajuria's paper (Khajuria 1956) proposing that name.
  12. ^ a b c (Srivastava et al. 2001, p. 18)

[edit] References

[edit] External links

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