Fourth Republic of South Korea
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The Fourth Republic of South Korea was the government of the country from 1972 to 1979 replacing the Third Republic of South Korea. Throughout this period, 1972 to 1979, the government was led by Park Chung-hee.
The Fourth Republic began with the adoption of the Yusin Constitution on November 21, 1972. This new constitution gave him effective control over the parliament. In the face of continuing popular unrest, Park promulgated emergency decrees in 1974 and 1975 which led to the jailing of hundreds of dissidents.
The Fourth Republic of South Korea was replaced in 1979 by the Fifth Republic of South Korea.
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[edit] Economy
This period also saw continued dramatic economic growth, following the government's five-year plans. The government invested heavily in heavy industries.
[edit] International relations
A variety of events in international diplomacy led the Park regime to reconsider its diplomatic position. Notable here was the normalization of US diplomatic ties with the People's Republic of China, which cast doubt on South Korea's ability to count on Cold War backing from the US government. The South Korean government began to establish diplomatic relations with many countries, including Canada. In addition, the first round of Red Cross talks were held between South and North Korea. Park also announced plans for eventual reunification.
[edit] Yusin Constitution
The Yusin Constitution, also spelled Yushin, was the official constitution of the South Korean Fourth Republic, 1972–1979. The term Yusin means "restoration" (the concept comes from 明治維新, (Meiji-ishin, Meiji Restoration), though what it was intended to restore was not clear.
President Park Chung Hee won the right to run for a third term in 1971 when the National Assembly, dominated by his Democratic Republican Party, amended the 1963 constitution to allow the incumbent president--himself--to run for three terms. He won a narrow victory over opposition candidate Kim Dae-jung.
Shortly after being sworn in, Park declared a state of emergency "based on the dangerous realities of the international situation." In October 1972, he dissolved the National Assembly and suspended the Constitution. Work was then begun on a new constitution, which was approved in December 1972 by the general public[citation needed]
The Yusin Constitution was marked by the enormous powers granted to the president. He was elected for six years, with no limits on reelection. The people elected delegates to the National Conference for Unification, an electoral college that was charged with electing the president. The requirements for candidacy, however, were so stringent that only one candidate could be on the conference's ballot. Most notably, Park gained the power to appoint a large portion of the National Assembly, effectively guaranteeing a parliamentary majority. In effect, the constitution converted Park's presidency into a legal dictatorship.
The provisions of the Yusin Constitution were greeted with widespread but ineffective protest. Park was elected without opposition in 1972 and 1978. It remained in effect until after Park's death in 1979.
[edit] See also
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