Forest Hills, Boston
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- This article is about an area of Boston, Massachusetts. There are several other places named Forest Hills in the United States and elsewhere.
Forest Hills is a part of the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.
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[edit] Overview
As the name indicates, Forest Hills is characterized by hilly terrain and wooded areas within and adjacent to its borders. In general, the area slopes upward from Hyde Park Ave and downward from Walk Hill Street.
Forest Hills is primarily residential, although a number of small businesses are located along Hyde Park Avenue. Single family homes predominate south of Walk Hill Street, but triple deckers dominate near the train station. As in the rest of Jamaica Plain, many of the multi-unit houses have been converted into condominiums.
South of Walk Hill Street, Forest Hills is characterized by curving, tree-lined streets laid out in irregular patterns indicative of how the area was thoughtfully transformed from country estates into a streetcar suburb.
Although spaced relatively close together, homes are generally well-kept and many have lush gardens, interesting architectural details. A variety of home styles are represented including Arts & Crafts, Cape Cod, Colonial Revival, Queen Anne, Tudor Revival and Victorian.[1]
For much of 20th century, Forest Hills was home to working class laborers on the streets adjacent to the train station, and middle class managers and professionals to the south, with neither public housing nor areas of affluence. In the last generation, this area has become not only racially integrated, but has also undergone a degree of gentrification.
These changes have been fueled, in part, by the easy access to Longwood Area, Museum School, Mass Art, and Northeastern and all of downtown Boston by public transportation.
[edit] Topics
[edit] Borders
Forest Hills is not an officially-designated area of the city nor have its borders been defined. Generally, "Forest Hills" refers to the area immediately surrounding the train station, plus the residential areas on the East side of Hyde Park Avenue extending perhaps as far as Cummings Highway or perhaps only as far as Walk Hill Street.[2]
More often, Forest Hills refers to a roughly triangular area lying between Hyde Park Avenue, American Legion Highway and Morton Street, except for those areas separated from the rest by the cemeteries.
This triangle is bisected by Walk Hill Street. The blocks South of Walk Hill Street were once regarded as the White City area of Jamaica Plain. Now they are regarded as the Woodbourne area.
[edit] Early History
The first European known to have settled in Forest Hills was Capt. Joseph Weld (ancestor of former Governor of Massachusetts William Weld), the youngest of three immigrant brothers from England and a veteran of the Pequot War of 1637. For his efforts in that conflict and subsequent negotiations, the leaders of Massachusetts Bay Colony awarded him 278 acres (1.1 km²) untamed in what is now the Forest Hills area of Jamaica Plain.
His descendant Col. Eleazer Weld, one of seven Weld family members who fought in the American Revolutionary War, bequeathed some of his land to fellow patriot Benjamin Bussey. His combined area was subsequently willed to Harvard University and become the basis for Arnold Arboretum.
In 1845, the Welds sold a large piece of land that would later become the Woodbourne area to William Minot, a fellow Yankee farmer. As the New England economy shifted from an agricultural base to a mercantile base, the Welds divided their land into smaller parcels for elite Bostonian friends and relatives. Some lived here year round; for others it was a rural retreat from Boston’s summer heat and seasonal cholera outbreaks.
The Weld family and families to whom they were connected -- especially Guild, Minot, Perkins, Olney, Peters and Rodman -- were associated with Jamaica Plain for generations. A number of local statesmen were drawn from these families, and many of them became wealthy or famous.
Richard Olney built what might be the first tennis court in Boston on what is now Patten Street. George Minot won a Nobel Prize. William Fletcher Weld (whose mother was a Minot) left behind a $20 million dollar fortune. Stephen Minot Weld, Jr. and George H. Perkins were Civil War heroes. Andrew James Peters (who married a Minot), became Mayor of Boston. A previous incarnation of Perkins School for the Blind stood atop Wachusett Street.
In the early 1900s, the arrival of public transportation brought increasing numbers of working-class people and rich Yankee families abandoned Forest Hills. Some returned to ancestral haunts on Beacon Hill or in Brookline. Others went farther south to Dedham or Westwood or even left the state entirely.
[edit] Forest Hills Station
Forest Hills is served by the Forest Hills MBTA station, a local transportation hub. This station is the southern end of the Orange Line subway, is a stop on the Commuter Rail's Needham Line, and was previously the terminal for the Green Line's E branch, until it was truncated to Heath Street in north Jamaica Plain. Service along that route is provided by the 39 bus. Orange line service runs from here north to Malden on the North Shore via Downtown Crossing. Bus routes servicing the station are the 16, 21, 30, 31, 32, 34/34E, 25, 26, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 50 and 51, and are accessible from berths all around the station, on upper and lower levels.
This station created the impetus for development of the local area since the Boston & Providence Railroad opened in 1834. The local area got its name after the establishment of the eponymous cemetery in 1848; subsequently, that name was applied to the station.
The original Forest Hills Station was a large red brick structure built in the 1800s. In the early 1900s, the traditional tracks to the North were replaced with an elevated railway which lead into Boston and connected with the city's subway, the oldest in the nation..
The elevated track and the original station were torn down in the early 1980s. The station was replaced with the current, modern style station and clock tower designed by Cambridge Seven Associates and completed in 1987.
The Monsignor William J. Casey Overpass (a.k.a. Morton Street overpass) stands just north of the station, was built in the 1950s to bypass Forest Hills, and connects the Arborway to Morton Street.
[edit] Green Areas
Forest Hills is surrounded by the three finals "links" of the Emerald Necklace park system designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in the 1800s: Arnold Arboretum, Arborway and Franklin Park. While teaching on "Schoolmaster's Hill" in Franklin Park, Ralph Waldo Emerson boarded on Morton Street near present-day Forest Hills Station in the same house used by feminist Margaret Fuller.[3]
There is a baseball field at the top of Wachusett Street which is bordered by trees and adjacent to the well-maintained Parkman Playground. There are also small, nameless patches of woodland, such as the one between Patten Street and Eldridge Road.
A large portion of Forest Hills is occupied by Forest Hills Cemetery, a 275-acre (1.1 km²) park and arboretum recognized as one of the finest 19th century rural cemeteries in the country and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Eugene O'Neill, e.e. cummings and William Lloyd Garrison are among the famous people buried here.
St. Michael’s Cemetery & Crematory (across Walk Hill Street from the Forest Hills Cemetery) is smaller but shares the garden-like quality of its larger neighbor.
Calvary Cemetery, Mt. Hope Cemetery and New Calvary Cemetery are also large in size but are more traditional (i.e. level and sparsely-wooded) burial grounds that lay on the opposite side of American Legion Highway. All these cemeteries forms "dead areas" that separate Forest Hills from the nearest sections of Mattapan and Roxbury.[4][5]
Outcroppings of Roxbury puddingstone dot the landscape, both within the green areas and in unexpected locations, such as the immense lump of puddingstone on Wachusett Street across from the Parkman School.
[edit] Parkman School
In 1896, the City of Boston acquired an acre of land from Andrew James Peters for a school designed by Charles B. Perkins to be placed at the corner of Wachusett Street and Walk Hill Street. The school was named after Francis Parkman, local scholar whose summer home overlooked Jamaica Pond.
Francis Parkman School now houses two city educational programs: the Barton Assessment Center and The Young Achievers School, a city-wide pilot school dedicated to science and mathematics. The later program also occupies space in the Upham Church and school officials are considering expansion into one or more of the properties that comprise St. Andrew's.[6]
[edit] Seaver School
On the late 1920s, the City of Boston acquired land for a school to be built between Eldridge Road and Northbourne. The city leveled the parcel and built a huge concrete retaining wall in the rear. The red brick building was designed with a Georgian Revival style by John F. Cullen and completed in 1930. Side wings were added the following year.
The school was eventually named after Edwin P. Seaver, Superintendent of Schools in Boston from 1880 to 1904. For much of the 20th century, this school provided education for grades K-8, Many local children attended kindergarten here, even those who would later attend St. Andrew's School from 1st grade and beyond.
The Edwin P. Seaver building was sold by the city and turned into condominiums in 1983 by the Finch/Abbey Group and is now one of the largest residential buildings in Forest Hills. The former schoolyards serve as parking for residents.
[edit] St. Andrew's Parish
St. Andrew the Apostle Church was built by the Archdiocese of Boston in 1918. It stands on the corner of Walk Hills Street and Wachusett Street diagonally across from where the city built the Parkman School some two decades earlier.
In 1942, St. Andrew the Apostle School was opened adjacent to the church. A convent next to the school housed the Sisters who staffed it. First it was staffed by the Sisters of the Congregation of Saint Joseph and later by the Sisters of Charity. A rectory next to the church was home to four or more priests at a time. Eventually, a building directly across the street from St. Andrew's Church was purchased to serve as a "community hall."
By the late 1940s, Forest Hills (on both sides of the Walk Hill Street divide) was predominantly Irish Catholic. Catholics of other ethnic groups (particularly Italians but also French, Poles, Portuguese, Scots and others) were also present but were collectively outnumbered by the Irish.
Although small numbers of non-Catholics remained in the area, for the second half of the 20th century, "Forest Hills" and "St. Andrew's Parish" were virtually synonymous.
The 1970s busing crisis that erupted with violence in Boston neighborhoods such as Dorchester and South Boston had less visible effect in Jamaica Plain parishes such as St. Andrew's or its neighboring parent church St. Thomas Aquinas near Jamaica Plain Centre. Most White families in Jamaica Plain could afford to send their children to parochial schools, and did.[7]
During this time in which Forest Hills was mostly Irish-Catholic, two public schools operated within its borders: the Parkman and the Seaver. Students at these schools were mostly Black and Latino, reflecting the composition of Jamaica Plain as a whole. They travelled back and forth in yellow school buses and there was little interaction between these schools and the all-White residents of the area.
A thriving parish for much of the 1900s, St. Andrew's suffered a change at the end of the century. The surrounding area became increasingly heterogeneous, ethnically and culturally. Some locals resisted these changes and left the area in the process sometimes called "urban flight," further reducing the number the number of active parishioners.
Another strong factor in the decline of attendance and revenue at St. Andrew's was dissatisfaction with the Archdiocese in the wake of the Church sex scandal which came to light at this time. Forest Hills parishioners had particular cause to feel betrayed. John J. Geoghan, one of the most notorious molesters among Catholic clergy, served at St. Andrew's from 1974 to 1980 and ran the altar boy program. Patrick McSorley, one of Geoghan's most visible accusers, was from this parish.[8]
St. Andrew's Church closed in 2000 although funeral masses are sometimes still held there. St. Andrew's School closed at the end of school year 2005. Students who had not yet graduated were given the option to attend Sacred Heart School in Roslindale.[9][10]
[edit] Toll Gate Bridge
Before the trains were built in the 1830s, the area that is now Forest Hills Station was known as (the) Toll Gate.
The Norfolk and Bristol Turnpike was created in 1803, providing a main route between Boston and Providence, Rhode Island. The Hartford and Dedham Turnpike was chartered the following year, serving as a main road through to Hartford, Connecticut.[11]
At the facility that stood at what is now the MBTA station, carts and wagons from Roxbury and environs were weighed and charged a toll before being allowed onto the privately-owned turnpike. The turnpike became unprofitable and changed into a public road in 1857. In 1874, it was renamed Washington Street and it remains the one of the longest streets in the Commonwealth.[12]
Long after the train station had acquired the name "Forest Hills," its older identity was preserved in the name of the Toll Gate Bridge a metal footbridge that crossed the railroad tracks to Washington Street at the point where Walk Hill Street meets Hyde Park Avenue.
The overhead structure of the footbridge remains, but the stairs on both sides were removed during the 1990s after Ukraine Way (nearer the station) provided a crossing point for both pedestrians and traffic.
Adjacent to the footbridge entrance, the small, neglected Tollgate Catholic graveyard containing 19th and early 20th century headstones sits along Hyde Park Avenue. A monument to Irish-American war dead created in the 1980s, and each year flags are placed on the graves of veterans.
[edit] Upham Church
Upham Memorial Church, a small Methodist church at the corner of Wachusett and Patten Streets, was completed in 1901. Previously, Forest Hills Methodist Society had been holding services in a rented hall in the Forest Hills area. Designed by James G. Hutchinson in a Tudor Revival style, this wooden church was built with a corner tower and half-timbering. A later addition was added in 1925.
As this area became increasingly Catholic after World War II, attendance dropped sharply. The church closed in 1969 and remained boarded up and unused until acquired by the Knights of Columbus in 1977. The K's of C added aluminum siding shortly thereafter, obscuring much of the architectural details of the original structure.
This building, along with the Parkman School, now houses The Young Achievers School, a city-wide pilot school that may expand into the buildings once used by St. Andrew's.[13]
[edit] Walk Hill Street
Walk Hill Street is a major thoroughfare in the area and dates from the 1700s or before. Where the street begins at Hyde Park Ave there is a small cluster of businesses. From there, Walk Hill Street climbs towards the intersection of Wachusett Street where the Francis Parkman School Building and St. Andrew's Church are located.
From this intersection, Walk Hill Street levels out. The street continues West from its intersection with Wachusett Street and eventually crosses American Legion Highway and enters Mattapan and Roxbury.
Much of the length of Walk Hill Street has cemeteries behind tall, wrought-iron fences on one or both sides of the street.
Some well-informed parties, such as the Jamaica Plain Neighborhood Council, have regarded the area North of this street as the Weld Hill section and the area South of it as the Woodbourne section.
[edit] White City
In 1914, four apartment buildings covered with light stucco were erected on Hyde Park Ave far South of the train station. The complex was called "White City" in emulation of the World's Columbian Exposition a decade earlier.[14]
The name was later borrowed by the White City Food Store and the White City Cleansers (sic) on the corner of Hyde Park Ave and Eldridge Road, thus putting the "White City" name on two large signs visible even to those whizzing by on Hyde Park Ave. [15]
White City came to be regarded as its own section of Jamaica Plain, or (less frequently, as a subsection of Forest Hills). Its borders were seen as Walk Hill Street, Hyde Park Ave and St. Michael's Cemetery. The area now thought of as "Woodbourne" was contained within.
The origins of the name "White City" having been forgotten by the 1970s, the name acquired a specific meaning in the context of racially-tense Boston. White City was the last essentially all-White area of Jamaica Plain (with the possible exception of the palatial homes lining the Jamaicaway). Houses up for sale in the area were listed as being in White City and sold for more money than those listed as Forest Hills.
After the Woodbourne area was designated as historic and the area became integrated, Woodbourne replaced White City in conversation and realty listings. White City Cleansers was renamed around 2003; its sign was the last prominent reminder of the name that was once given to this section of Jamaica Plain. The name, and the racial connotations it coincidentally acquired, are largely forgotten.
[edit] Woodbourne
The Woodbourne National Register Historic District is a 30 acre parcel southwest of Forest Hills Cemetery, roughly bounded by Walk Hill Street, Goodway Street, and Wachusett Street. This area was developed into house lots in the early 1900s and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. was responsible for some of its layout.[16]
The "bourne" element in streets such as Southbourne and Bournedale is taken from Bourne Street, a road established around 1820. Bourne Street begins at Walk Hill Street across from Forest Hills Cemetery, meanders through a scenic residential area and St. Michael’s cemetery, then comes to an end at Canterbury Street and Mt. Hope Cemetery.
The most distinctive homes in this section are designed to resemble gabled English cottages and are situated around a common courtyard. While the means to flatten out this terrain was readily available, developers chose to retain the uneven character of the landscape. [17]
Since Woodbourne was designated as a historic district in 1999, homeowners and realtors have begun advertising homes there as belonging to the "Woodbourne area" rather than saying that they are in "Forest Hills". Nevertheless, Woodbourne was designed and advertised with the proximity of the train station in mind, was an integral part of the Roman Catholic parish of St. Andrew the Apostle, and was thought of as part of Forest Hills by its residents throughout the 20th century.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Jamaica Plain Historical Society
- ^ Even the borders of officially-designated neighborhoods within the city, such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale, do not have defined borders and might be (for example) served by the post office of one neighborhood but be listed as part of another neighborhood by a realtor. For example
"The Canterbury urban wild area southeast of the Forest Hills Cemetery between Canterbury Street and American Legion Highway has an ambiguous identity. Under various definitions, the Canterbury parcel is a part of Roslindale, Jamaica Plain, and Mattapan."
("Neighborhood boundaries", Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston) - ^ Jamaica Plain Historical Society
- ^ Rappaport Institute
- ^ The term "dead area" does not refer specifically to cemeteries. Rather, it is an civil engineering term that describes an area without residences, businesses or significant pedestrian traffic. One effect of this is that Franklin Park is usually discussed in the context of Mattapan and Roxbury rather than in the context of Jamaica Plain.
- ^ Jamaica Plain Gazette
- ^ Boston College professor emeritus Thomas H. O'Connor has discussed the economic class issues surrounding the busing crisis in several of his works (see bibliography). He notes that Boston's more financially-able "lace curtain Irish" resisted racial integration not through protests and riots, but by enrollment in parochial schools followed with enrollment in one of Greater Boston's many private Catholic prep schools.
- ^ Boston Globe
- ^ Boston Globe Obituaries
- ^ Boston Globe
- ^ Dedham Historical Society
- ^ Jamaica Plain Historical Society
- ^ Jamaica Plain Gazette
- ^ Jamaica Plain Historical Society
- ^ "Cleansers", pronounced "Cleaners", is still seen on signs in the Boston-area.
- ^ Jamaica Plain Historical Society
- ^ Jamaica Plain Historical Society
[edit] References
- Boston Area Homes
- Boston Globe, "Catholic school set for closing"
- Boston Globe, "Church allowed abuse by priest"
- Dedham Historical Society, "A capsule history of Dedham"
- Harvard Magazine, "The Welds of Harvard Yard"
- Jamaica Plain Gazette, October 20, 2006
- Jamaica Plain Historical Society, Boston Daily Globe article from July 5, 1908
- Jamaica Plain Historical Society, "Guide to Jamaica Plain"
- Jamaica Plain Historical Society, "Weld Family"
- Jamaica Plain Historical Society, "Woodbourne and the Boston 1915 Movement"
- Jamaica Plain Historical Society, "Woodbourne Historic District"
- Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston, "Forest Hills MBTA Station"
- Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston, "Forest Hills Street"
[edit] Bibliography
- Bergeron, Ralph. Housing the Middle Class Man, Technical World 14, no. 2, April 1913
- Boston Dwelling House Company. Woodbourne: A Real Estate Development of the Boston Dwelling House Company. Boston: Walton Advertising and Printing Co..
- Boston American. "Scientific Model House Community", December 19,1911
- Boston Herald. Articles (April 24, 1899; May 8, 1904; April 18, 1913; July 3, 6, 1913)
- Candee, Richard and Greer Hardwicke. Early Twentieth Century Reform Housing by Kilham & Hopkins Architects of Boston, Winterthur Portfolio, Spring 1987, no. 1, vol. 22.
- Channing, K.M. Minot Family Letters, 1773 -1871. Sherborn, Mass., 1957.
- City of Boston. Inspectional Services Department. Building permits.
- Croly, Herbert. "The Work of Kilham & Hopkins, Architects of Boston, Mass." Architectural Record 31, no. 2 (Feb. 1912).
- Drake, Francis S. The Town of Roxbury. Boston: Alfred Mudge and Son, 1878.
- Eggat, Gerald. Richard Olney, Evolution of a Statesman. 1847.
- A Genealogical Record of the Minot Family in America and New England. Boston, 1897.
- Heath, Richard. Summer House to Garden Suburb: A History of Woodbourne in the Forest Hills Section of Jamaica Plain, Boston, 1997.
- O'Connor, Thomas H. Bibles, Brahmins, and Bosses: A Short History of Boston.Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston, 1984.
- O'Connor, Thomas H. Boston Catholics: A History of the Church and Its People. Northeastern University Press, 2000.
