Fluid coupling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A fluid coupling is a hydrodynamic device used to transmit rotating mechanical power. It has been used in automobile transmissions as an alternative to a mechanical clutch. It also has widespread application in marine and industrial machine drives, where variable speed operation and/or controlled start-up without shock loading of the power transmission system is essential.
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[edit] Overview
A fluid coupling is a sealed chamber containing two similarly shaped toroids facing components,impeller and turbine, immersed in fluid (usually oil). The driving impeller, often referred to as the pump or driving torus (the latter a General Motors automotive term), is rotated by the prime mover, which is typically an internal combustion engine or electric motor. The motion of the pump's radial chambers imparts a relatively complex centripetal motion to the fluid. Simplified, this is a centrifugal force that throws the oil outwards. The moving fluid reaches the casing and the enclosed shape forces the flow in the direction of the driven impeller, referred to as the turbine or driven torus (the latter also a General Motors term). Here, the Coriolis force reaction transfers the angular fluid momentum outward and across, applying torque to the turbine, thus causing it to rotate in the same direction as the pump. The fluid leaving the centre of the turbine returns to the pump, where the cycle repeats.
[edit] Automotive applications
In automotive applications, the pump is connected to the flywheel of the engine (in fact, the coupling's enclosure may be part of the flywheel proper, and in this case is often referred to as a fluid flywheel), and thus is turned by the engine's crankshaft. The turbine is connected to the input shaft of the transmission. As engine speed increases while the transmission is in gear, torque is transferred from the engine to the input shaft by the motion of the fluid, propelling the vehicle. In this regard, the behavior of the fluid coupling strongly resembles that of a mechanical clutch driving a manual transmission. Hydrodynamic clutch used in an automobile is also called Foettinger clutch.
[edit] Aviation applications
The most prominent use of fluid couplings is in the Wright turbo-compound piston engine where three power recovery turbines extract 20% of the heat energy (about 500 HP (375 kW) altogether) from the engine's exhaust gases and then, using three fluid couplings, convert low torque high-speed turbine rotation to low-speed high-torque (reciprocating engine crankshaft speed) output.
[edit] Stall speed
An important characteristic of a fluid coupling is its stall speed. The stall speed is defined as the highest speed at which the pump can turn when the turbine is locked and maximum input power is applied, a condition which could occur in an automobile if the driver were to fully open the throttle while applying the brakes with a force sufficient to keeping the vehicle from moving. Under stall conditions, all of the engine's power would be dissipated in the fluid coupling as heat, possibly leading to damage.
[edit] Slip
A fluid coupling cannot achieve 100 percent power transmission efficiency, as some of the energy transferred to the fluid by the pump will be lost to friction (transformed to heat). As a result, the turbine will always spin slower than the pump, this difference increasing with an increase in load on the coupling and/or a decrease in prime mover speed. This speed difference is called slip or slippage.
[edit] Turbulence
Also affecting the fluid coupling's efficiency is the fact that the fluid returning from the turbine to the pump is sometimes moving in the opposite direction of the pump's rotation, resulting in some braking effect and a good deal of turbulence. This effect substantially increases as the difference between pump and turbine speed increases, causing efficiency to rapidly deteriorate with increasing load or at reduced rotational speed. As the braking effect turbulence is mainly at the inner volume of the unit, an additional "fan shaped" component can be used to re-direct the fluid towards a corrected flow path that greatly reduces the drag that is evident at slow speed. The added component, (placed between or around the toroids), is often called a "stator" or "reactor" and is also often fitted with a one-way clutch to allow unhindered fluid flow at higher speeds. Once the stator is in place the device effectively becomes what is commonly known as a torque converter.
[edit] Calculations
Generally speaking, the power transmitting capability of a given fluid coupling is exponentially related to pump speed, a characteristic that generally works well with applications where the applied load doesn't fluctuate to a great degree. The torque transmitting capacity of any hydrodynamic coupling can be described by the expression r(N2)(D5), where r is the mass density of the fluid, N is the impeller speed, and D is the impeller diameter. In the case of automotive applications, where loading can vary to considerable extremes, r(N2)(D5) is only an approximation. Stop-and-go driving will tend to operate the coupling in its least efficient range, causing an adverse effect on fuel economy.
[edit] Usage
Fluid couplings were used in a variety of early semi-automatic transmissions and automatic transmissions. Since the late 1940s, the more versatile hydrodynamic torque converter has replaced the fluid coupling in automotive applications. Fluid couplings are still widely used in industrial applications, especially in machine drives that involve high inertia starts or constant cyclic loading.
