Flora of New Zealand

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This page relates to the indigenous flora of New Zealand.

New Zealand's geographical isolation has meant the country has developed a unique variety of native flora.

Contents 1 Characteristics of New Zealand flora 2 List of plants 2.1 Trees and shrubs 2.2 Ferns 2.3 Seaweeds 2.4 Liverworts 2.5 Grasses 2.6 Mosses 2.7 Other 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

[edit] Characteristics of New Zealand flora

• majority are evergreen
• few annual herbs
• few cold-tolerant trees
• majority are dispersed by birds
• very few have defences against mammalian browsers
• few nitrogen fixing plants
• few fire-adapted species
• many dioecious species
• flowers are typically small and white
• many plants have divaricating growth forms
• many plants have evolved into a larger forms compared with similar plant families in other countries.

[edit] List of plants

[edit] Trees and shrubs

Akeake Bartlett's rātā or Cape Reinga white rātā Beech (Nothofagus) Bog pine Broom Cabbage tree or Tī rākau / Tī kōuka Coprosma Daisy bush Dracophyllum Five finger Fuchsia or Kōtukutuku Hebes Horopito Kahikatea or White Pine Kaka Beak Karaka Karamū Karo Kauri Kawakawa Kanuka Kapuka or Broadleaf Kohekohe Kohuhu Kowhai

Kumaraho Lacebark Lancewood or Horoeka Lemonwood or Tarata Mahoe or Whiteywood Maire Manawa or White or Grey mangrove Manuka or Tea Tree Māpou or Red Matipo Matagouri Matai or Black Pine Mingimingi Miro Manoao or Silver pine Mountain totara Neinei Ngaio Nikau Northern rātā Olearia Ongaonga or Tree nettle Patē or Seven Finger Other Pittosporums Pōhutukawa

Poroporo or Bullibulli Puka Putaputaweta Rangiora or Bushman's friend Rewarewa or New Zealand honeysuckle Ribbonwood or Manatu Rimu Southern rātā Tanekaha Taraire Tawa Titoki Toatoa Toru Totara Tree daisy Tetrapathaea tetrandra Tutu Yellow pine Whau Wineberry or Makomako

[edit] Ferns

While most of the world's ferns grow in tropical climates, New Zealand hosts an unusual number of ferns for a temperate country. These exhibit a variety of forms, from stereotypical feather-shaped tufted ferns and tree ferns to less typical filmy, leafy and climbing ferns. Both the koru, in the shape of an unfurling fern frond, and the silver fern are widely accepted symbols of New Zealand.

• Silver fern or Ponga, Cyathea dealbata
• New Zealand Tree Fern, Dicksonia squarrosa
• Black Tree Fern or Mamaku, Cyathea medullaris
• Tuokuro, Dicksonia lanata
• Kuripaka, Dicksonia fibrosa
• King fern, Marattia salicina
• Prince of Wales fern, Leptopteris superba
• Hound's tongue fern, Phymatosorus diversifolius
• Kidney fern or Raurenga, Trichomanes reniforme
• Hen and chickens fern, Asplenium bulbiferum
• Hanging spleenwort, Asplenium flaccidum
• Mangemange, Lygodium articulatum

See also: List of native New Zealand ferns

[edit] Seaweeds

• Neptune's necklace

[edit] Liverworts

New Zealand has a greater density of liverworts than any other country, due to its cool, wet and temperate climate. About half the species are endemic to New Zealand.

There are 606 species known in New Zealand. While these include some thallose liverworts, with liver-shaped leaves, most are leafy liverworts which can be confused with mosses and filmy ferns. Undescribed species, and those not previously recorded in New Zealand, continue to be found in lowland forests. Ninety species and varieties are listed on the 2001 Department of Conservation threatened plants list, and 157 liverwort species and varieties will be included on the next version of the list as a result of better knowledge of the group.

A three-volume work on liverworts in New Zealand is being written by John Engel and David Glenny, with the first volume due for release in late 2006. The volumes will also be placed online as part of Floraseries.^[1]

[edit] Grasses

There are 187 species of native grasses in New Zealand: 157 endemic and 30 indigenous species. ^[2]

The grasses belong to the following tribes and genera:

Ehrharteae Microlaena, 4 species Zotovia, 3 species Stipeae Achnatherum, 1 species Anemanthele, 1 species Austrostipa, 1 species Poeae Austrofestuca, 1 species Festuca, 10 species Poa, 38 species Puccinellia, 4 species Agrostideae"> Agrostis, 10 species Amphibromus, 1 species Deschampsia, 5 species Deyeuxia, 5 species Dichelachne, 4 species Echinopogon, 1 species Hierochloe, 7 species Koeleria, 3 species Lachnagrostis, 12 species Trisetum, 9 species Simplicia, 2 species

Hordeeae Australopyrum, 1 species Elymus, 7 species Stenostachys, 3 species Danthonieae Toetoe Chionochloa, 22 species Cortaderia (Toetoe), 5 species Pyrrhanthera, 1 species Rytidosperma, 18 species Chlorideae Zoysia, 2 species Leptureae Lepturus, 1 species Paniceae Cenchrus, 1 species Oplismenus, 1 species Spinifex, 1 species Isachneae Isachne, 1 species Andropogoneae Imperata, 1 species

[edit] Mosses

There are 523 known moss species and 23 varieties in New Zealand, with 208 genera represented. 108 species and 11 genera are considered endemic. Most New Zealand mosses originated in Gondwana, so there are strong relationships with species in Tasmania, South-eastern Australia, and temperate parts of South America. ^[3] The endemic genera are:

Beeveria Bryobeckettia Bryodixonia Cladomnion

Crosbya Cryptopodium Dichelodontium Fifea

Hypnobartlettia Mesotus Tetracoscinodon

Sphagnum moss is also of economic importance.

[edit] Other

• Bush lawyer
• Celmisia (Mountain Daisy)
• Megaherbs
• Nine species of mistletoe, including Peraxilla colensoi, Peraxilla tetrapetala, Alepis flavida, and the extinct Trilepidea adamsii (last seen in 1954).
• Mount Cook Lily
• New Zealand flax
• New Zealand spinach (Kokihi)
• Nikau Palm
• Pingao
• Supplejack
• Tecomanthe speciosa
• Wood rose

[edit] See also

• List of trees native to New Zealand

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Recovery plan for threatened grassy plants of dry fertile sites, 2003–2013. C. Jones (Threatened Species Recovery Plan 52). [Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand (2004). Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
• Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture. Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand.
• New Zealand Plant Names Database
• Bushmansfriend:NZ native plant information
• New Zealand Plant Conservation Network

v • d • e Flora of Oceania  Australasia Australia · Christmas Island · Cocos (Keeling) Islands · New Zealand1 · Norfolk Island   Melanesia East Timor2 · Fiji · New Caledonia · Papua New Guinea3 · Solomon Islands · Vanuatu  Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia · Guam · Kiribati · Marshall Islands · Nauru · Northern Mariana Islands · Palau   Polynesia American Samoa · Cook Islands · French Polynesia · Niue · Pitcairn Islands · Samoa · Tokelau · Tonga · Tuvalu · Wallis and Futuna 1 Often included in Polynesia.  2 Often included in Southeast Asia.  3 Often included in Australasia.