Flora Shaw
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Dame Flora Louisa Shaw, Lady Lugard, DBE (b. 1852, Woolwich, London - d. 1929, Surrey, England), the daughter of an English father, Captain - later Major General - George Shaw and a French mother, Marie Desfontaines
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[edit] Career
Flora Shaw was born in Woolwich where her father was stationed. She began her career in journalism in 1886 and was sent by the Manchester Guardian newspaper as the only woman reporter to cover the Anti-Slavery Conference in Brussels.
In 1892 The Times sent her to Southern Africa. Her belief in the positive benefits of the British Empire infused her writing. As a correspondent for The Times, Shaw sent back 'Letters' during 1892-93 from her travels in South Africa and Australia. Writing for the educated governing circles, she focused on the prospects of economic growth and political consolidation of these self-governing colonies within an increasingly united British Empire, a vision largely blinkered to the force of colonial nationalisms and local self-identities.
These lengthy articles in a leading daily newspaper reveal a late-Victorian era metropolitan imaginary of colonial space and time. Shaw projected vast empty spaces awaiting energetic English settlers and economic enterprise. Observing new landscapes from a rail carriage, for example, she selected images which served as powerful metaphors of time and motion in the construction of racial identities.
Her appointment as Colonial Editor for The Times allowed her to travel throughout the British Empire.
A little known aspect of her prominent career was that when she first started writing for The Times, she wrote under the name of F. Shaw, trying to disguise the fact that she was a woman. Later she was so highly regarded, it didn't matter and she wrote openly as Flora Shaw, and she was regarded as one of the greatest journalists of her time, specialising in politics and economics.
Between 1878 and 1886 she wrote five novels, four for children and one for young adults. The first, Castle Blair, was extremely popular in the UK and US well into the twentieth century. It is based on her own childhood experiences as one of a family of Anglo- Irish children at the time of Nationalist troubles. She also wrote a history of Australia for children.
Flora Shaw was close to the three men who most epitimized empire in Africa: Cecil Rhodes, George Goldie and Frederick Lugard. Though her friendship with Rhodes was mostly political and professional, she was intimately involved with George Goldie, who was considered a play boy. When his wife Matilda died, Shaw was heartbroken that Goldie did not consider marrying her. Her disappointment as well as her poor health took a serious toll on her professional life.
In 1902 she married a colonial administrator, Sir Frederick Lugard, who was Nigeria's first Governor General from 1914 to 1919; they had no children. They later lived in Hong Kong, where she helped to establish the University of Hong Kong. Her many admirers included the critic John Ruskin, who called her children's novel Castle Blair 'good and lovely, and true'.
Dame Flora Lugard died in Surrey, England on January 25, 1929.
[edit] Naming of Nigeria
In an essay, which first appeared in The Times on January 8, 1897, she suggested the name "Nigeria" for the British Protectorate on the Niger River. In her essay Shaw was making a case for a shorter term that would be used for the "agglomeration of pagan and Mahomedan States" that was functioning under the official title, "Royal Niger Company Territories". She thought that the term, Royal Niger Company Territories" was too long to be used as a name of a Real Estate Property under the Trading Company in that part of Africa. What is important in Shaw’s article was that she was in search of a new name and she coined "Nigeria" in preference to such terms as "Central Sudan" that was associated with some geographers and travelers. She thought that the term "Sudan" at this time was associated with a territory in the Nile basin.
She then put forward this argument in The Times of January 8, 1897 thus: "The name Nigeria applying to no other part of Africa may without offence to any neighbours be accepted as co-extensive with the territories over which the Royal Niger Company has extended British influence , and may serve to differentiate them equally from the colonies of Lagos and the Niger Protectorate on the coast and from the French territories of the Upper Niger."
In 1905 Shaw wrote what remains the definitive history of Western Soudan and the modern settlement of Northern Nigeria.
[edit] References
- Dorothy O. Helly and Helen Callaway. Shaw, Dame Flora Louisa, Lady Lugard (1852–1929), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press:2004
- E.H.C.M. Bell. Flora Shaw - Lady Lugard DBE, London:1947
- Prof. Omo Omoruyi. The origin of Nigeria: God of justice not associated with an unjust political order, (published July 2002).
- Meyer, Karl E. and Shareen Blair Brysac "Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East." New York, London, W.W. Norton 2008. ISBN 978-0-393-06199-4
