Flamingo (protein)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Identifiers
Symbol(s) CELSR1
Entrez 9620
OMIM 604523
Identifiers
Symbol(s) CELSR2 EGFL2
Entrez 1952
OMIM 604265
Identifiers
Symbol(s) CELSR3 EGFL1
Entrez 1951
OMIM 604264

Flamingo is a member of the adhesion-GPCR family of proteins. Flamingo has sequence homology to cadherins and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Flamingo was originally identified as a Drosophila protein involved in planar cell polarity.[1] Mammals have three flamingo homologs, CELSR1, CELSR2, CELSR3. In mice all three have distinct expression patterns in the brain.[2]

Contents

[edit] Adhesion G protein coupled receptors

The adhesion-GPCR family has over thirty members in the human genome.[3] The adhesion GPCRs are seven transmembrane helix proteins that have long N-terminal domains. For example, flamingo has EGF-like, Laminin G-like and Cadherin-like sequences in its N-terminal extracellular domain.

[edit] Axon fascicles

Mice that lack CELSR3 have altered bundeling of axons to form fascicles.[4]

[edit] Function in dendrite morphology

In Drosophila, flamingo mutants were found to have abnormal dendrite branching, outgrowth and routing.[5] Kimura et al proposed that flamingo regulates dendrite branch elongation and prevents the dendritic trees of adjacent Drosophila sensory neurons from having overlap of dendritic arbors.[6]

A study of mammalian flamingo homolog CELSR2 found that it is involved in the regulation of dendrite growth. RNAi was used to alter CELSR2 expression in cortical and cerebral brain slice cultures. The dendrites of pyramidal neurons in cortical cultures and Purkinje neurons in cerebellar cultures were simplified when CELSR2 expression was reduced.[7]

[edit] Vertebrate planar cell polarity

CELSR1 was shown to be required for the normal polarized position of kinocilia to one side of hair cells of the mouse inner ear.[8]

[edit] References

  1. ^ T. Usui, Y. Shima, Y. Shimada, S. Hirano, R. Burgess, T. Schwarz, M. Takeichi and T. Uemura (1999) "Flamingo, a seven-pass transmembrane cadherin, regulates planar cell polarity under the control of Frizzled" in Cell Volume 98, pages 585-595. Entrez PubMed 10490098
  2. ^ F. Tissir, O. De-Backer, A. Goffinet and C. Lambert de Rouvroit C (2002) "Developmental expression profiles of Celsr (Flamingo) genes in the mouse" in Mechanisms of development Volume 112, pages 157-160. Entrez PubMed 11850187
  3. ^ T. Bjarnadóttir, R. Fredriksson, P. Höglund, D. Gloriam, M. Lagerström and H. Schiöth (2004) "The human and mouse repertoire of the adhesion family of G-protein-coupled receptors" in Genomics Volume 84, pages 23-33. Entrez PubMed 15203201
  4. ^ F. Tissir, I. Bar, Y. Jossin, O. De Backer and A. Goffinet (2005) "Protocadherin Celsr3 is crucial in axonal tract development." in Nature Neuroscience Volume 8, pages 451-457. Entrez PubMed 15778712
  5. ^ Fen-Biao Gao, Jay E. Brenman, Lily Yeh Jan and Yuh Nung Jan (1999) "Genes regulating dendritic outgrowth, branching, and routing in Drosophila" in Genes Dev Volume 13, pages 2549-61. Entrez PubMed 10521399
  6. ^ H. Kimura, T. Usui, A. Tsubouchi and T. Uemura (2006) "Potential dual molecular interaction of the Drosophila 7-pass transmembrane cadherin Flamingo in dendritic morphogenesis" in Journal of Cell Science Volume 119, pages 1118-1129. Entrez PubMed 16507587
  7. ^ Y. Shima, M. Kengaku, T. Hirano, M. Takeichi and T. Uemura (2004) "Regulation of dendritic maintenance and growth by a mammalian 7-pass transmembrane cadherin" in Developmental cell Volume 7, pages 205-16. Entrez PubMed 15296717
  8. ^ J. Curtin, E. Quint, V. Tsipouri, R. Arkell, B. Cattanach, A. Copp, D. Henderson, N. Spurr, P. Stanier, E. Fisher, P. Nolan, K. Steel, S. Brown, I. Gray and J. Murdoch (2003) "Mutation of Celsr1 disrupts planar polarity of inner ear hair cells and causes severe neural tube defects in the mouse" in Current biology Volume 13, pages 1129-1133. Entrez PubMed 12842012
v • d • e
Transmembrane receptor: G protein-coupled receptors
Class A: Rhodopsin like
Acetylcholine (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5) - Adrenergic (α1 (A, B, D), α2 (A, B, C), β1, β2, β3) - Adrenomedullin - Anaphylatoxin (C3a, C5a) - Angiotensin (1, 2) - Apelin - Bile acid - Bombesin (BRS3, GRPR, NMBR) - Bradykinin (B1, B2) - Cannabinoid (CB1, CB2) - Chemokine - Cholecystokinin (A, B) - Dopamine (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) - Eicosanoid (CysLT (1, 2), LTB4 (1, 2), FPRL1, OXE, Prostaglandin ((DP (1, 2), EP (1, 2, 3, 4), PGF, Prostacyclin, Thromboxane) - EBI2 - Endothelin (A, B) - Estrogen - Formyl peptide (1, L1, L2) - Free fatty acid (1, 2, 3, 4) - FSH - Galanin (1, 2, 3) - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1, 2) - GPR (1, 3, 4, 6, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42, 44, 45, 50, 52, 55, 61, 62, 63, 65, 68, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 101, 103, 119, 120, 132, 135, 139, 141, 142, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 161, 162, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182) - Ghrelin - Histamine (H1, H2, H3, H4) - Kisspeptin - Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin - Lysophospholipid (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) - MAS (1, 1L, D, E, F, G, X1, X2, X3, X4) - Melanocortin (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) - MCHR (1, 2) - Melatonin (1A, 1B)- Motilin - neuromedin (B, U (1, 2)) - Neuropeptide (B/W (1, 2), FF (1, 2), S, Y (1, 2, 4, 5)) - Neurotensin (1, 2) - Opioid (Delta, Kappa, Mu, Nociceptin, but not Sigma) - Olfactory - Opsin (3, 4, 5, 1LW, 1MW, 1SW, RGR, RRH) - Orexin (1, 2) - Oxytocin - Oxoglutarate - PAF - Prokineticin (1, 2) - Prolactin-releasing peptide - Protease-activated (1, 2, 3, 4) - Purinergics (Adenosine (A1, A2a, A2b, A3), P2Y, (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14)) - Relaxin (1, 2, 3, 4) - Somatostatin (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) - Serotonin, all but 5-HT3 (5-HT1 (A, B, D, E, F), 5-HT2 (A, B, C), 5-HT (4, 5A, 6, 7)) - SREB - Succinate - TAAR (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9) - Tachykinin (1, 2, 3) - Thyrotropin - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone - Urotensin-II - Vasopressin (1A, 1B, 2)
Class B: Secretin like
Class C: Metabotropic
glutamate / pheromone
Calcium-sensing receptor - GABA B (1, 2) - Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)) - GPRC6A - GPR (156, 158, 179) - RAIG (1, 2, 3, 4) - Taste receptors (TAS1R (1, 2, 3) TAS2R (1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50))
Frizzled / Smoothened
Frizzled (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) - Smoothened