Flag of Ireland

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Flag of Ireland

Use	National flag and ensign.
Proportion	1:2
Adopted	1919
Design	A vertical tricolour of green, white, and orange.

The national flag of Ireland (Irish: An Bhratach Náisiúnta), also known as the tricolour,^[1] is a vertical tricolour of green (at the hoist), white, and orange. The flag proportion is 1:2 (length twice the width). The green represents Irish Catholics, while the orange represents Irish Protestants; the white in the centre represents the peace between the two groups.

First introduced by Thomas Francis Meagher in 1848, it was not until the Easter Rising of 1916, when it was raised above the General Post Office in Dublin, that the tricolour came to be regarded as the national flag.^[2] The flag was adopted in 1919 by the Irish Republic during its war of independence, and subsequently by the Irish Free State (1922–1937), later being given constitutional status under the 1937 Constitution of Ireland. The tricolour is regarded by many nationalists as the national flag of the whole of island of Ireland. Thus it is flown (often controversially) by many nationalists in Northern Ireland as well as by the Gaelic Athletic Association.^[3] Historically the island has been represented by a number of other flags, including Saint Patrick's cross, and the flag of the four provinces of Ireland.

The shorter flag of Côte d'Ivoire's colours are the same but reversed in order.

[edit] Design and symbolism

Irish Flags
Current Flags
Flag of Ireland since 1919
The Union Flag, flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801-1922/1927) and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922/1927-Present).
Current Presidential and Royal Standards
18th century unofficial Irish flag, based on the coat of arms of Ireland, now the standard of the President of Ireland.
Flag of International Association
The flag of the European Union
Historical Flags
The Ulster Banner former Flag of the Government of Northern Ireland from 1953-1972
The combined flags of the four Provinces of Ireland. This flag is used by the World Curling Federation and the Irish Rugby Football Union to represent the whole island.
The Standard of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1801 until 1922), sometimes used as the official Irish flag under British rule.
Saint Patrick's cross was used unofficially from 1783 to 1922 to symbolise Ireland.
Unofficial flag of Ireland from the 17th century until 1922, also the flag of Leinster.

In relation to the national flag of Ireland, the Constitution of Ireland simply states in Article 7:

The national flag is the tricolour of green, white and orange.^[4]

As there are no further statutory requirements in relation to the flag, the Department of the Taoiseach takes general responsibility over matters relating to the flag. In its advisory role, the Department has issued guidelines to assist persons in their use of the national flag.^[5] The flag should be rectangular in shape and its length should be two times its width, translating into an aspect ratio of 1:2. The three coloured pales — green, white and orange — should be of equal size, and vertically disposed. The precise colours of the flag as set by the Department of the Taoiseach are:^[5]

From these Pantone colours Wikipedia has extrapolated the RGB, Hex and CMYK as:^[6]

The flag should normally be displayed on a flagstaff, with the green pale positioned next to the flagstaff, at the hoist; the white pale positioned in the centre; and the orange pale positioned at the fly, farthest from the flagstaff. Provided that the correct proportions are observed, the flag may be made to any convenient size.^[2]

The green pale in the flag symbolises the older majority Gaelic tradition of Ireland, made up mainly of Roman Catholics. Green had long been associated with Ireland as a nation,^[7][8] and with the revolutionary groups within it.^[9] The orange represents the mainly Protestant minority who were supporters of William of Orange. He, of the House of Orange and originally the Stadtholder of the Netherlands, had defeated King James II and his predominantly Irish Catholic army^[10] at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. It was included in the Irish flag in an attempt to reconcile Protestants in Ireland with the Irish independence movement.^[9] The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between the two cultures and a living together in peace.^[11] The flag, as a whole, is intended to symbolise the inclusion and hoped-for union of the people of different traditions on the island of Ireland, which is expressed in the Constitution as the entitlement of every person born in Ireland to be part of the independent Irish nation, regardless of ethnic origin, religion or political conviction.^[12][13]

Irish tricolour "misrepresented" with gold instead of orange

It is claimed that often differing shades of yellow, instead of orange, are seen at civilian functions. However the Department of the Taoiseach state that this is a misrepresentation which "should be actively discouraged" .^[2] In songs and poems, the colours are often enumerated as "green, white and gold".^[14] Using "gold" in place of "orange" may variously be interpreted as simple poetic license, a throwback to the green and gold flag of nineteenth century nationalism, an identification with the papal colours of white and gold, or a desire to downplay the symbolism of "green" Ireland being in harmony with Orangeism.^[15]

[edit] History

A green flag featuring a harp was an older symbol of the nation of Ireland, dating back at least to Confederate Ireland and the pursuits of Owen Roe O'Neill from 1642.^[16] It was subsequently widely adopted by the Irish Volunteers and especially the United Irishmen. A rival organisation, the Orange Order, whose main strength was in the Ulster, and which was exclusively Protestant, was founded in 1795 in memory of King William of Orange and the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688. Following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, which pitted the "green" tradition of the republican United Irishmen against the Orange tradition of Anglican Protestant Ascendancy loyal to the British Crown, the ideal of a later nationalist generation in the mid-nineteenth century was to make peace between the two traditions and, if possible, to found a self-governing Ireland on such peace and union.

The oldest known reference to the use of the three colours of green, white and orange as a nationalist emblem dates from September 1830 when tricolour cockades were worn at a meeting held to celebrate the French Revolution of that year — a revolution which restored the use of the French tricolour.^[9] The colours were also used in the same period for rosettes and badges, and on the banners of trade guilds.^[9] However, widespread recognition was not accorded to the flag until 1848. At a meeting in his native city of Waterford on 7 March 1848, Thomas Francis Meagher, the Young Ireland leader, first publicly unveiled the flag from a second-floor window of the Wolfe Tone Club as he addressed a gathered crowd on the street below who were present to celebrate another revolution that had just taken place in France.^[9][17] It was inspired by the tricolours of France and Newfoundland; Meagher's father was born in Newfoundland.^[17] Speeches made at that time by Meagher suggest that it was regarded as an innovation and not as the revival of an older flag.^[9] From March of that year Irish tricolours appeared side-by-side with French ones at meetings held all over the country.^[12] John Mitchel, referring to the tricolour of green, white and orange that Meagher had presented from Paris at a later meeting in Dublin on 15 April 1848, said: "I hope to see that flag one day waving, as our national banner".^[12]

Although the tricolour was not forgotten as a symbol of the ideal of union and a banner associated with the Young Irelanders and revolution, it was rarely used between 1848 and 1916. Even up to the eve of the Easter Rising of 1916, the green flag featuring a harp held undisputed sway.^[12] Neither the colours nor the arrangement of the early tricolours were standardised. All of the 1848 tricolours showed green, white and orange, but orange was sometimes put next to the staff, and in at least one flag the order was orange, green and white.^[12] In 1850 a flag of green for the Roman Catholics, orange for the Protestants of the Established Church and blue for the Presbyterians was proposed.^[12] In 1883, a Parnellite tricolour of yellow, white and green, arranged horizontally, was recorded. Down to modern times, yellow has occasionally been used instead of orange, but by this substitution the fundamental symbolism is destroyed.^[12]

Associated with separatism in the past, flown during the Easter Rising of 1916 and capturing the national imagination as the banner of the new revolutionary Ireland,^[18] the tricolour came to be acclaimed throughout the country as somewhat of a national flag. To many Irish people, though, it was considered to be a "Sinn Féin flag".^[19] It was used by the government in the Irish Free State, but not necessarily with the intention that it should become the national flag:^[9] However Republicans, especially those who are involved in or support the armed struggle, claim the sole right to ownership of the tricolour as expressed in Take It Down From The Mast.

The government in Ireland have taken over the so called Free State Flag in order to forestall its use by republican element and avoid legislative regulation, to leave them free to adopt a more suitable emblem later.^[20]

It continued to be used during the period between 1922 and 1937. However, the 1922 Free State constitution did not provide for national symbols and its use was almost entirely confined to the territory of the Irish Free State.^[9] In 1937, its position as the national flag was formally confirmed by the new Constitution of Ireland.^[12]

[edit] Use in Northern Ireland

See also: Northern Ireland flags issue

A nationalist mural in Derry, Northern Ireland featuring a tricolour and other symbols associated with Ireland or Irish nationalism, including a harp, a shamrock, a Celtic F.C. crest, the crest of Derry City F.C. and a Derry GAA flag.

The purported symbolism of the flag (peace and unity between Catholics and Protestants) has not become a universal reality. In 1920, Ireland was partitioned, with the unionist-dominated north-east becoming Northern Ireland, while later, in 1922, the remainder of Ireland left the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to form the Irish Free State.^[21] Northern Ireland continued to use the British Union Flag and created its own derivation of the flag of Ulster (with a crown on top of a six pointed star) to symbolise the state.^[22] Furthermore, for many years the tricolour was effectively banned in Northern Ireland under the Flags and Emblems (Display) Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 which empowered the police to remove any flag that could cause a breach of the peace but specified, rather controversially, that a Union Flag could never have such an effect.^[23] In 1964, the enforcement of this law by the Royal Ulster Constabulary at the behest of Ian Paisley, involving the removal of a single tricolour from the offices of Sinn Féin in Belfast, led to two days of rioting. The tricolour was immediately replaced, highlighting the difficulty of enforcing the law.^[24]

Despite its original symbolism, in Northern Ireland the tricolour, along with most other markers of either British or Irish identity, has come to be a symbol of division.^[22] The Ulster Unionist Party Government of Northern Ireland adopted the Ulster Banner (based on the flag of Ulster) in 1953.^[25] Thus it is this flag and the Union Flag that are flown by unionists and loyalists, while the tricolour is flown by nationalists and republicans.^[22] In Northern Ireland, each community uses its own flags, murals and other symbols to declare its allegiance and mark its territory, often in a manner that is deliberately provocative.^[26] Kerb-stones in unionist and loyalist areas are often painted red, white and blue,^[27] while in nationalist and republican areas kerb-stones may be painted green, white and orange, although this is a much less frequent occurrence.^[28] Elements of both communities fly "their" flag from chimneys, tall buildings and lamp-posts on roads.^[29]

Under the 1998 Belfast Agreement, it was recognised that flags continue to be a source of disagreement in Northern Ireland. The Agreement stated that:

All participants acknowledge the sensitivity of the use of symbols and emblems for public purposes, and the need in particular in creating the new institutions to ensure that such symbols and emblems are used in a manner which promotes mutual respect rather than division.^[30]

Nationalists have pointed to this to argue that the use of the Union Flag for official purposes should be restricted, or that the tricolour should be flown alongside the British flag on government buildings.^[31] Unionists argue that the recognition of the principle of consent in the Agreement — that Northern Ireland's constitutional status cannot change without a majority favouring it — by the signatories amounts to recognising that the Union Flag is the only legitimate official flag in Northern Ireland.^[32][33][34] Nonetheless some level of compromise has been achieved. As in the rest of the UK, the British flag is flown over Parliament Buildings and state offices on a limited number of named days — for example, those honouring Queen Elizabeth II's official birthday).^[35] Major exceptions to this rule are the City Hall in Belfast where the Union Flag is allowed to fly year-round,^[36] and the local district councils. For instance, local councils such as the Larne Borough Council can choose to fly the Union Flag every day of the year, on designated days of the year, such as the Lisburn City Council, or not at all, like the Down District Council or Derry City Council.^[37] A Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Belfast, Alex Maskey, displayed both flags in his own offices, and this caused much controversy.^[38][39]

The fate of the Irish tricolour, designed to represent a compromise between two warring sides but ending up as representing one of them, parallels what happened to the French tricolour, which it emulated — which, in the early stages of the French Revolution, was designed as a compromise between French republicans and French royalists (the red and blue representing the former, and the white; the latter) but ended up as the quintessential republican flag from which later republics drew their inspiration.

[edit] Protocol

The Department of the Taoiseach has issued guidelines in order to assist persons in giving due respect to the national flag. Observance of the guidelines is a matter for each individual as there are no statutory requirements. It is expected, however, that the national flag will be treated at all times with appropriate respect by those who use it. The Department has general responsibility in relation to the national flag and this is primarily concerned with the protocol for the flying of the flag. The Department’s role, therefore, is an advisory one.^[5]

With respect to the display, placing and precedence of the national flag by both itself and in relation to other flags, the Department has made a number of suggestions. No flag or pennant should be flown above the national flag. When the flag is carried with another flag, or flags, it should be carried in the place of honour — that is on the marching right, or on the left of an observer towards whom the flags are approaching. Where one of these flags is that of the European Union, the European Union flag should be carried on the immediate left of the national flag, or, as seen by an observer when the flags are approaching, on the immediate right of the national flag. In the event of a display of crossed staffs, the national flag should be to the right and to the fore — that is to the left of the observer who is facing the flag. Its staff should be in front of the other flag or flags.^[40]

When the group of flags of the European Union are flown, the sequence is alphabetical, based on the first letter of the country’s name. The flags should be flown from left to right with the European Union flag flown from the first flagstaff before the group. An alternative order of flags is to begin on the left with the national flag and place the European Union flag on the far right of the group, as seen by an observer.^[40] With regard to international flags; where either an even or an odd number of flags are flown in line on staffs of equal height, the national flag should be first on the right of the line — that is on the observer’s left as he or she faces the flags. Where one of these flags is that of the European Union, the European Union flag should be flown on the immediate left of the national flag, or as seen by an observer, on the immediate right of the national flag. Where, however, an odd number of flags are displayed from staffs grouped so that there is one staff in the centre and higher than the others, the national flag should be displayed from the staff so placed. Where one of these flags is that of the European Union, the European Union flag should be flown from the first flagstaff on the right, or as seen by an observer, on the first flagstaff on the left. Only one national flag should be displayed in each group of flags or at each location. In all cases, the national flag should be in the place of honour. When the national flag is displayed either horizontally or vertically against a wall or other background, the green should be on the right (an observer’s left) in the horizontal position or uppermost in the vertical position. When displayed on a platform, the national flag should be above and behind the speaker’s desk. While being carried, the flag should not be dipped by way of salute or compliment except to the dead during memorial ceremonies.^[40]

In raising or lowering, the national flag should not be allowed to touch the ground. When being hoisted to half-mast, the flag should first be brought to the peak of the staff and then lowered to the half-mast position.^[41] It should again be brought to the peak of the staff before it is finally lowered.^[42] On ceremonial occasions when the national flag is being hoisted or lowered, or when it is passing by in a parade, all present should face it, stand to attention and salute. Persons in uniform who normally salute with the hand should give the hand salute. Persons in civilian attire should salute by standing to attention. The salute to the flag when it is being borne past in a parade is rendered when the flag is six paces away and the salute is held until the flag has passed by. Where more than one national flag is carried, the salute should be given only to the leading flag.^[43] When the national anthem is played in the presence of the national flag, all present should face the national flag, stand to attention and salute it, remaining at the salute until the last note of the music.^[43]

When the national flag has become worn or frayed it is no longer fit for display, and should not be used in any manner implying disrespect.^[44] The national flag, when used as a decoration, should always be treated with due respect. It may be used as a discreet lapel button or rosette or as part of a centrepiece for a table. When used in the latter context with the flags of other nations, the national flag should also be displayed in the place of honour on a nearby flag staff. Where multiple national flags are flown on festive occasions these should be of uniform dimensions. Bunting of the national colours may also be used on festive occasions.^[45]

The national flag should be displayed in the open only between sunrise and sunset, except on the occasion of public meetings, processions, or funerals, when it may be displayed for the duration of such functions.^[46][45] When displayed on a platform, the national flag should not be used to cover the speaker’s desk, nor should it be draped over the platform. The national flag should never be defaced by placing slogans, logos, lettering or pictures of any kind on it, for example at sporting events. The flag should not be draped on cars, trains, boats or other modes of transport; it should not be carried flat, but should always be carried aloft and free, except when used to drape a coffin; on such an occasion, the green should be at the head of the coffin. The tricolour is draped across the coffins of Presidents of Ireland (including former Presidents), soldiers and Garda Síochána personnel killed in the line of duty, and other notables accorded state funerals, such as Roger Casement in 1965, or Kevin Barry in 2001. Care should be taken at all times to ensure that the national flag does not touch the ground, trail in water or become entangled in trees or other obstacles.^[47]

It is the normal practice to fly the national flag daily at all military posts and from a limited number of important State buildings. The European flag is flown alongside the national flag on all official buildings, and in most places where the Irish flag is flown over buildings. The national flag is flown over buildings including: the residence of the President of Ireland, Áras an Uachtaráin; Leinster House, the seat of the Irish parliament, when parliament is in session; Irish courts and state buildings; Irish military installations, at home and abroad; and Garda Síochána (police) stations. The national flag is also flown on St. Patrick’s Day (the national holiday, Easter Sunday and Easter Monday (in commemoration of the Easter Rising of 1916), and the National Day of Commemoration on the Sunday closest to 11 July — the date of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921. On these occasions the national flag is flown from all State buildings throughout the country which are equipped with flagpoles, and many private individuals and concerns also fly it. The national flag is flown on the occasion of other significant national and local events such as festivals and commemorations. The national flag is frequently flown at half-mast on the death of a national or international figure on all prominent government buildings equipped with a flag pole. The death of a prominent local figure may be marked locally by the national flag being flown at half-mast. Where the national flag is flown at half-mast no other flag should be half-masted.^[48]

[edit] Other flags representing Ireland

There are a number of other flags that represent Ireland or have done so in the past. Saint Patrick's saltire was incorporated into the British Union Flag in 1801 by way of the Act of Union 1800 to represent Ireland within the new United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Although it never had official status outside of its role in the Union Flag, it has since become recognised as a symbol Ireland. Today, those who regard the tricolour as specific to the Republic of Ireland, or excluding of unionists, may advocate it as a neutral symbol of the whole island. However, others regard it as an unauthentic symbol.^[49] The adapted versions have been used by the Irish Rugby Football Union,^[50] the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and the Commissioners of Irish Lights. The saltire was adopted into the badge and flag of the Police Service of Northern Ireland in 2002. The Church of Ireland order that only the saltire - as opposed to the tricolour, the Union Flag or the former flag of Northern Ireland - or its own flag may be flown on its church grounds.

Another flag which is used to represent the whole island is the flag of the four provinces. The four provinces flag is divided into four quadrants, each of which is the flag of one of the four provinces of Ireland. The four quadrants represent the provinces of Ulster (the top left quadrant), Munster (the top right quadrant), Connacht (the bottom left quadrant) and Leinster (the bottom right quadrant). While it does not have any official status, it is often flown in support of the Irish rugby team.^[51]

The "green flag" was a common flag used to represent Ireland during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It consisted of a gold harp on a green background.^[50] It is identical to the contemporary flag of Leinster. In the nineteenth century, a flag commonly appearing in print, if not on cloth, was a green flag with the Union Flag in the canton and a harp in the fly.

[edit] See also

• List of flags of the Republic of Ireland

[edit] Footnotes