Five Races Under One Union
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Five races under one union (Chinese: 五族共和, literally "five races together") was one of the major principles that the Republic of China was originally founded upon. This principle emphasized the harmony of the five major ethnic groups in China as represented by the colored stripes of Five-Colored Flag of the Republic: the Han (red), the Manchus (yellow), the Mongols (blue), the "Hui" (white) *, and the Tibetan people (black).
The concept of "five races under one union" started to end when the control of the ROC government was wrestled from the Beijing-based Beiyang government by the Nanjing-based Chinese Nationalist government after the Northern Expedition.
A variation of this flag was adopted by Yuan Shikai's empire and the Manchukuo puppet government.
The term Hui in this context primarily referred to the group now known as Uyghur, since the term "Hui Terrority" (回疆) meant Chinese Turkistan during the Qing Dynasty. The meaning of the term "Hui people" gradually shifted to its current sense—groups distinguished from the Han Chinese by little other than their Muslim faith—during the period of roughly 1911–49 in the Republic of China.
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 Military insignia based on the flag |
 Air force roundel |
 National flag 1912-1928 |
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