Fishing techniques
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There is an intricate link between various fishing techniques and knowledge about the fish and their behavior including migration, foraging and habitat (Keegan 1986). All fish traps and methods of catching fish are based on this intimate knowledge.
[edit] RC Fishing
Rc Fishing or " Fishing with a remote controlled boat" is a method of fishing using a remote controlled boat; the boat usually 1' to 3' long, runs on a small DC battery. A radio transmitter controls the RC boat. The fisherman connects the fishing line/bait to the boat; drives it; navigating the water by manipulating the remote controller. The concept,(technique) RC fishing is growing in popularity. The methods of RC fishing vary, from tying a piece of fishing line and bait to a RC boat, and driving,(retrieving) the hooked fish, with the RC boat. Another method is using an apparatus that attach's to the RC boat; the fisherman uses his fishing rod and attach's the fishing line to the apparatus, the apparatus is designed so that once the fish is hooked the line disconnects from the RC boat, and the fish is retrieved with the fishing rod.
[edit] Hand fishing
- See also: Gathering seafood by hand
It is possible to fish with minimal equipment by using only the hands. In the British Isles, the practice of catching trout by hand is known as trout tickling; it is an art mentioned several times in the plays of Shakespeare.
Trout binning is a method of fishing, possibly fictional, performed with a sledgehammer.[1]
Divers can catch lobsters by hand.
Pearl diving is the practice of hunting for oysters by free-diving to depths of up to 30 m.
Hand-line fishing is a technique requiring a fishing line with a weight and one or more lure-like hooks.
Noodling or Stump Fishing is a technique in which the fisher holds the bait in his or her hand and waits for a large catfish to attempt to eat it; when the fish bites, the fisher pulls his or her arm, along with the fish, from the water. It is practiced, mostly illegally, in the Southern and Midwestern U.S. [Requires Citation]
[edit] River Fishing for Trout
Understanding how moving water shapes the stream channel will improve your chances of finding trout. In most streams, the current creates a Riffle-Run-Pool pattern that repeats itself over and over. A deep pool may hold a big Brown trout, but Rainbows and smaller Browns are likely found in Runs. Riffles are where you will find small trout, called troutlet, during the day and larger trout crowding in during morning and evening feeding periods.
- Riffles have a fast current and shallow water. This gives way to a bottom of gravel, rubble or boulder. Riffles are morning and evening feeding areas. Trout usually spawn just above or below riffles, but may spawn right in them.
- Runs are deeper than riffles with a moderate current and are found between riffles and pools. The bottom is made up of small gravel or rubble. These hot spots hold trout almost anytime, if there is sufficient cover.
- Pools are smoother and look darker than the other areas of the stream. The deep, slow-moving water generally has a bottom of silt, sand, or small gravel. Pools make good midday resting spots for medium to large trout.
[edit] Spear and bow fishing
Spear fishing is an ancient method of fishing and may be conducted with an ordinary spear or a specialised variant such as an eel spear[3][4] or the trident. A small trident type spear with a long handle is used in the American South and Midwest for "gigging" bullfrogs with a bright light at night, or for gigging carp and other fish in the shallows.
Traditional spear fishing is restricted to shallow waters, but the development of the speargun has made the method much more efficient. With practice, divers are able to hold their breath for up to four minutes and sometimes longer; of course, a diver with underwater breathing equipment can dive for much longer periods.
Bow fishers use a bow and arrow to kill fish in shallow water from above.
[edit] Fishing nets
Modern nets are usually made of artificial polyamides like nylon, although nets of organic polyamides such as wool or silk thread were common until recently and are still used in certain areas.
[edit] Dredging
There are types of dredges used for collecting scallops or oysters from the seabed. They tend to have the form of a scoop made of chain mesh called dredges and they are towed by a fishing boat. Scallop dredging is very destructive to the seabed, because the marine life is unable to survive the weight of the dredge. This is extremely detrimental to coral bed since they take centuries to rebuild themselves. Dredging could be compared to unmonitored forest clearing, where it can wipe out an ecosystem. Nowadays, this method of fishing is often replaced by mariculture or by scuba diving to collect the scallops.
[edit] Fishing lines
Fishing line is any cord made for fishing. Important parameters of a fishing line are its length, material, and weight (thicker, sturdier lines are more visible to fish). Factors that may determine what line an angler chooses for a given fishing environment include breaking strength, knot strength, UV resistance, castability, limpness, stretch, abrasion resistance, and visibility.
[edit] Kite fishing
Kite fishing is presumed to have been first invented in China. It was, and is, also used by the people of New Guinea and other Pacific Islands - either by cultural diffusion from China or independent invention.
Kites can provide the boatless fishermen access to waters that would otherwise be available only to boats. Similarly, for boat owners, kites provide a way to fish in areas where it is not safe to navigate such as shallows or coral reefs where fish may be plentiful. Kites can also be used for trolling a lure through the water.
Suitable kites may be of very simple construction. Those of Tobi Island are a large leaf stiffened by the ribs of the fronds of the coconut palm. The fishing line may be made from coconut fibre and the lure made from spiders webs.[5]
Modern kitefishing is popular in New Zealand, where large delta kites of synthetic materials are used to fish from beaches[6], taking a line and hooks far out past the breakers. Kite fishing is also emerging in Melbourne where sled kites are becoming popular, both off beaches and off boats and in freshwater areas. The disabled community are increasingly using the kites for fishing as they allow mobility impaired people to cast the bait further out than they would otherwise be able to.
[edit] Ice fishing
Ice fishing is the practice of catching fish with lines and hooks through an opening in the ice on a frozen body of water. It is practised by hunter-gatherers such as the Inuit and by anglers in other cold or continental climates.
[edit] Fish traps / Trap Nets
Traps are culturally almost universal and seem to have been independently invented many times. There are essentially two types of trap, a permanent or semi-permanent structure placed in a river or tidal area and pot-traps that are baited to attract prey and periodically lifted.
Indigenous Australians were, prior to European colonisation, most populous in Australia's better-watered areas such as the Murray-Darling river system of the south-east. Here, where water levels fluctuate seasonally, indigenous people constructed ingenious stone fish traps.[7] Unfortunately, most have been completely or partially destroyed. The largest and best known were the Brewarrina fish traps on the Barwon River at Brewarrina in New South Wales, which fortunately are at least partly preserved.[8] The Brewarinna fish traps caught huge numbers of migratory native fish as the Barwon River rose in flood and then fell. In southern Victoria, indigenous people created an elaborate systems of canals, some more than 2 km long. The purpose of these canals was the encouragement and catching of eels, a fish of short coastal rivers (as opposed to rivers of the Murray-Darling system). The eels were caught by a variety of traps including stone walls constructed across canals with a net placed across an opening in the wall. Traps at different levels in the marsh came into operation as the water level rose and fell. Somewhat similar stone wall traps were constructed by native American Pit River people in north-eastern California.[9]
A technique called dam fishing is used by the Baka pygmies. This involves the construction of a temporary dam resulting in a drop in the water levels downstream -- allowing fish to be easily collected.[10]
In medieval Europe, large fishing weir structures were constructed from wood posts and wattle fences. 'V' shaped structures in rivers could be as long as 60 m and worked by directing fish towards fish traps or nets. Such fish traps were evidently controversial in medieval England. The Magna Carta includes a clause requiring that they be removed:
- All fish-weirs shall be removed from the Thames, the Medway, and throughout the whole of England, except on the sea coast.[11]
Basket weir fish traps were widely used in ancient times. They are shown in medieval illustrations and surviving examples have been found. Basket weirs are about 2 m long and comprise two wicker cones, one inside the other -- easy to get into and hard to get out.[12]
The Wagenya people, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, build a huge system of wooden tripods across the river. These tripods are anchored on the holes naturally carved in the rock by the water current. To these tripods are anchored large baskets, which are lowered in the rapids to "sieve" the waters for fish. It is a very selective fishing, as these baskets are quite big and only large size fish are trapped. Twice a day the adults Wagenya people pull out these baskets to check whether there are any fish caught; in which case somebody will dive into the river to fetch it.
In the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America, Fishermen submerse a long, visible mesh wall running perpendicular to the shoreline that guides fish (who instinctively swim towards deeper water when coming upon a large obstacle) into a maze that ends in a large mesh "pot", that can be raised up to the boat to haul the fish in. This method of fishing results in fish staying alive until the time they are hauled into the boat, versus being entangled and killed in a gill net. This method also allows for sportfish and other protected species to be released without harm.
[edit] Lobster and crab pots
Pot traps are typically used to catch crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters and crayfish. Pot traps such as the lobster trap may be constructed in various shapes, each is a box designed with a convoluted entrance that makes entry much easier than exit. The pots are baited and lowered into the water and checked frequently. Similar traps are used in many areas to capture bait fish.
Historically lobster pots were constructed with wood or metal. Today most traps are made from checkered wire and mesh. It is common for the trap to be weighted down with bricks. A bait bag is hung in the middle of the trap. In theory the lobster walks up the mesh and then falls into the wire trap. Bait varies from captain to captain but it is common to use herring. In commercial lobstering five to ten of these traps will be connected with line. A buoy marks each end of the string of pots. Two buoys are important to make retrieval easier and so captains don't set their traps over each other. Each buoy is painted differently so the various captains can identify their traps.
[edit] Trained animals
In China and Japan, the practice of cormorant fishing is thought to date back some 1300 years. Fishermen use the natural fish-hunting instincts of the cormorants to catch fish, but a metal ring placed round the bird's neck prevents large, valuable fish from being swallowed. The fish are instead collected by the fisherman.[13]
The people of Nauru used trained frigatebirds to fish on reefs.
The practice of tethering a remora, a sucking fish, to a fishing line and using the remora to capture sea turtles probably originated in the Indian Ocean. The earliest surviving records of the practice are Peter Martyr d'Anghera's 1511 accounts of the second voyage of Columbus to the New World (1494).[14] However, these accounts are probably apocryphal, and based on earlier, no longer extant accounts from the Indian Ocean region.
Dating from the 1500s in Portugal, Portuguese Water Dogs were used by fishermen to send messages between boats, to retrieve fish and articles from the water, and to guard the fishing boats. Labrador Retrievers have been used by fishermen to assist in bringing nets to shore; the dog would grab the floating corks on the ends of the nets and pull them to shore.
[edit] Toxins
[edit] Fish stupefying plants
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Many hunter gatherer cultures use poisonous plants to stun fish so that they become easy to collect by hand. Some of these poisons paralyse the fish, others are thought to work by removing oxygen from the water.[15]
The process of documenting many fish-poisons and their use is ongoing, interest in these plant’s potential uses in medicine, agriculture, and industry is growing (Jeremy 2002).
Use of the herbal fish poisons in catching fishes from fresh water and sea documented from New Caledonia (Dahl 1985).
Tribal people using various plants for medicinal and various purposes (Rai et al. 2000; Singh et al. 1997; Lin 2005) extends the use notion for herbal fish stupefying plants. Use of the fish poisons is very old practice in the history of human kind. In 1212 AD King Frederick II prohibited the use of certain plant piscicides, and by the fifteenth century similar laws had been decreed in other European countries as well (Wilhelm 1974). All over the globe, indigenous people use various fish poisons to kill the fishes, documented in America (Jeremy 2002) and among Tarahumara Indian (Gajdusek 1954).
3 Validation of fish stupefying plants Herbal fish stupefying agents are excellent means of fishing, which do not kill whole fish stock like chemical poisons. Many of the fish stupefying plants are being used since long time by local people are recently well tested by many workers and are found to have many important medicinal properties like Carreya arborea is well-tested plant used as analgesic (Ahmed et al. 2002) and anti diarrhoeal (Rahman et al. 2003). Some of the plants like C. collinus are a traditional poison used in the different part of the country (Sarathchandra and Balakrishnamurthy 1997, Thomas et al. 1991). Recent studies by Ragupathi et al. (1992) revealed that a toxic compound cleistanthin B (2 ng/ml) is reported from the C. collinus which might be responsible for its toxicity for fishes. In addition, in earlier studies by Islam et al. (2002), it was revealed that the stem bark extracts of Lannea coromandelica caused lyses of cell membrane followed by fragmentation of cellular materials. These studies scientifically confirmed the toxic property of these plants.
1 Korkat (Olax species)
Family – Olacaceae
Korkat is a climber with compound, dark green leaves and white color bark. This is the most extensively used fish poison among Gond. In summer the leaves of this plant are dried and powdered, (Some time people use fresh leaves too). About 1 kg powder is mixed in 5 X 5 feet (1.5 m) pond. This is generally used in the summer when water is confined to small, shallow ponds. Due to its mixing in water fishes becomes numb. Numb fishes are then collected by hand. It was observed that if numb fishes were immediately introduced into water they would become active. According to knowledgeable individuals, in order to get good results from the Korkat, environmental temperature should be high (Illustrated in plate 11.1).
2 Nas - Tonda This is bush size herb with broad thin leaves. The bark of root is crushed and mixed in water. The plant is used only in monsoon season, as the root is juicy in this season. Unlike Korkat, it can work in running water also. 0.5 kg bark is sufficient in 5 X 5 feet (1.5 m) area (Illustrated in plate 11.2).
3 Kummod Hir (Careya arborea Roxb.) Family: Lecythidaceae Botanical synonym: Careya coccinea sensu Alston Marathi Name: Kuba, Kumbha, Kumbia, Vakumbha Kummod is large sized deciduous tree with simple large obovate leaves, large fruit and dark gray bark. Similar to Nastonda, bark of root is crushed and mixed in water. Due to its application, water becomes black. (Illustrated in plate 11.3).
4 Masiyang Masiyang is a shrub with compound leaves, small size fruit and yellow flowers. Now a day, it is not found in Mendha forest so it is not in use. Fruits are crushed and mixed in the water.
5 Odcha Popti (Cleistanthus collinus Benth) Family - Euphorbiaceae Odcha (In Gondi) or Garadi (In Marathi) is medium sized tree mainly found around the village. Young, tender shoots (locally called as Popti) of Odcha is used for fish poisoning. The shoots are crushed in water on stone and paste is mixed in water. Apart from its use as fish stupefying agent in Mendha stem of this plant is extensively used for brushing teeth, leaves for storing grains and wood as fuel.
6 Kayyang In Mendha Kayyang is occasionally used for fish poisoning. Its fruits are crushed and mixed in water. It is rare in the Mendha forest.
7 Gopid (Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.)) Botanical synonym: Dialium coromandelicum Houtt., Haberlia grandis Dennst., Lannea grandis (Dennst.), Odina wodier Roxb. Family: Anacardiaceae. Marathi Name: Moi, Munidi, Shimat, Shimti. This is medium sized to large deciduous tree with spreading crown and stout branches. Leaves compound, bark whitish or gray and small, yellowish or purplish flowers. Flowers and fruits appear between February and June. Fruits (Red, compressed, reniform and 1-seeded) of this plant are crushed and mix in water. It is abundant in the Mendha forest. Its use is not very frequent.
8 Bese mati (Costus speciosus) (Koenig.) Sm.) Botanical synonym: Banksia speciosa Koenig, Costus speciosus var. nepalensis (Rose.) Baker Family: Costaceae, Zingiberaceae Marathi Name: kemuka, penva, pinnga, pushkarmula Bese mati is an erect, succulent herb, up to 2.7 m tall and with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves spirally arranged on stem, 15-30 cm long and 5.7 to 7.5 cm wide, oblong to oblanceolate, glabrous above and silky pubescent beneath, apex caudate-acuminate, base rounded. Flowers are large, white with a yellow center, borne in dense terminal spikes, bracts 2 to 3.2 cm long, ovate, bright red to reddish-brown. Fruit is (capsule) ovoid, 2 cm in diameter, 3-halved, red when ripe; seeds are black, with a white aril. Tuberous rootstock is crushed and mixed in water for fish poisoning. Apart from its use as fish poison in Mendha tubers of Bese mati are consumed as nutritious delicacy after boiling.
9 Bora Bhaji Bora Bhaji is small herb with yellow colored flower. Whole green plant is crushed in water on stone and mixed in water. Numb fishes are collected by hand. Its use is not very frequent.
10 Irpi Dhep (Madhuca indica ( Koenig) Gmelin ) Botanical synonyms: Bassia latifolia Roxb., Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.) Macbride, Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia (Roxb.) Chev. Family: Sapotaceae. Marathi Name: mahwa, moh, Moho, mohwa. Irpi (Mahua) is a large sized tree. Seed yields edible oil. After the removal of the oil from seeds, remaining cake is used for fish poisoning. This cake is locally known as Gara-Dhep. The cake is boiled in water and mixture mixed in water. 0.5 kg cake is sufficient for 10 X10 feet pond. It is very effective poison and fishes die due to its application.
11 Wengore (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) Botanical synonym: Lingoum marsupium (Roxb.), Kuntze, Pterocarpus bilobus Roxb. Ex G. Don, Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Forma biloba (G. Don) prain. Marathi Name: - asan, bibla, dhorbenla, dhorbiola. Family Name: Fabaceae Common Name: Indian Kino Tree, Malabar Kino Tree, Kino. Wengore is a large size tree with simple leaves. Gray color bark is used for fish poisoning. Bark is crushed and mixed in water.
12 Beerum (Chloroxylon swietenia DC.) Botanical synonym: Swietenia chloroxylon Roxb. Family: Rutaceae Marathi Name: bheria, billu, halda. Beerum is medium sized tree with compound leaves. Its use is occasional.
[edit] Cyanide fishing
Cyanides are used to capture live fish near coral reefs for the aquarium and seafood market. This illegal fishing occurs mainly in or near the Philippines, Indonesia, and the Caribbean to supply the 2 million marine aquarium owners in the world. Many fish caught in this fashion die either immediately or in shipping. Those that survive often die from shock or from massive digestive damage. The high concentrations of cyanide on reefs harvested in this fashion damages the coral polyps and has also resulted in cases of cyanide poisoning among local fishermen and their families.
[edit] Explosives
Dynamite or blast fishing, is done easily and cheaply with dynamite or homemade bombs made from locally available materials. Fish are killed by the shock from the blast and are then skimmed from the surface or collected from the bottom. The explosions indiscriminately kill large numbers of fish and other marine organisms in the vicinity and can damage or destroy the physical environment. Explosions are particularly harmful to coral reefs.[16] Blast fishing is also illegal in many waterways around the world.
[edit] Electrofishing
A relatively new fishing technique is electrofishing (electric fishing). Electrofishing is used primarily in freshwater by zoologists as a sampling technique. Typical uses include collecting fish for stream classification surveys such as Index of Biotic Integrity surveys, to capture brood stock for hatcheries, or to collect representative samples from fish populations for the estimation of population size and structure. Most commonly, pulses of direct current (DC) are used to induce capture-prone behavior in fish. For example, with the apparatus correctly tuned as to pulse speed, voltage gradient and current, fish will exhibit galvanotaxis; they turn into the electric field and swim toward the apparatus.
The effectiveness of electrofishing is influenced by a variety of biological, technical, logistical, and environmental factors. The catch is often selectively biased as to fish size and species composition. When using pulsed DC for fishing, the pulse rate and the intensity of the electric field strongly influence the size and nature of the catch. The conductivity of the water, which is determined by the concentration in the water of charge carriers (ions), influences the shape and extent of the electric field in the water and thus affects the field's ability to induce capture-prone behavior in the fish.
Electrofishing systems can be powered by one or more batteries or by a generator and come in various sizes, from those that are mounted to a backpack to those mounted in large boats. Systems are typically equipped with various safety devices including one or more dead man's switches and a tilt switch designed to disable the device if the unit is tipped beyond a certain limit by, for example, the operator becoming incapacitated or falling into the water. Rubber gloves and rubber boots must be worn to isolate the operator and to prevent electrocution.
[edit] Traditional fishing instruments
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Many of these are mainly made up of bamboo at Mendha and from synthetic material at Khursa. Following types of indigenous fishing instruments has been documented from both villages,
1. Dhiri 2. Kurjar 3. Dhundka 4. Garri (Hooks) 5. Dandoor 6. Zinka 7. Gappa 8. Joka (Deep, lift Net) 9. Kotra 10. Koturli 11. Tangad 12. Pandi 13. Ghan Bhor Ja 14. Motha Bhor Jar 15. Pelni 16. Zoruli 17. Atki (Gill net)
1 Dhiri Reported from Mendha, this is a rectangular trap of bamboo sticks (Locally called Kaduhu) interwoven by nylon threads (Initially instead of nylon threads fiber made up of Boyal tree were in use). This is a passive method of fishing. Virtually this trap operate on a ‘funnel’ or ‘maze’ principle, with fish passing easily through an entrance hole, but being confused by the blind endings within the trap and being unable to find their way out. The dimensions of box vary as per need, but standard size is 2.5 feet (0.76 m) to 5 feet (1.5 m) long, 0.5 to 1 foot (0.30 m) wide and 1 to 1.5 feet (0.46 m) high. This structure has 2 to 3 doors on both sides. The entrances or doors are very specialized structures, work as one-way valves, due to this valve fish can enter inside but cannot escape. The diameter of the doors is 2.5 cm wide, so that fish of this much of size can only be caught. Dhiri set in running water generally in night. The setting of the Dhiri is laborious work and needs about 1 hour time. This can only set in at least 0.5 feet (0.15 m) deep water (so that water level should be slightly above the door) with the help of rope, mud and branches of the trees. Fishes moving along with stream of water enters into the doors. About 1 kg to as much as 10 kg live fishes can be caught without any physical damage. Another morning or after 4 to 5 hours fishes can be collected from the upper hole. Interestingly some time water snakes are also caught in the Dhiri. (Illustrated in plate 9.1)
2 Kurjar Reported from Mendha, this is active method of the fish trapping. Kurjar is a dome of Bamboo (Shape just like satellite antenna disc) made up of 12 bamboo sticks (Locally called Kurjar Guta) arranged in circle and tighten to each other with the help of rope. To these sticks, nylon mesh is tightly attached (Initially instead of nylon threads fiber made up of Boyal tree were in use). Mesh size measured 15 X 15 mm at lower wide end and 20 X 20 mm towards rear end. After assembly, circumference of the dome becomes 21.5 feet (6.6 m) and height becomes 130 cm. Its application is very interesting, during monsoon flood when the shoal of migrating fishes seen by knowledgeable individual, running from the bank into river Kurjar drop on migrating fishes. Fishes trapped under Kurjar collected by hand. Observation during its application reveals that it was not much effective; as it is very much time consuming compared with the low yield. To use Kurjar it is important to have knowledge about the migratory behavior of the fishes. (Illustrated in plate 9.2)
3 Dhundka Dhundka is reported from Mendha. This is very simple structure exclusively made up of Bamboo. Dhundka, an earthen pot like structure has circumference of about 90 to 100 cm. One end of the pot has a rounded hole of 25 cm diameter. This circular hole attached with a pipe made from hollow stem of Gongum (Cochlospermum religiosum), Gopid (Lannea coromandelica) or bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea). The Gongal or Gopid used as the stem of these plants has smooth, slimy inner side (So that fish readily slip in side). This can be applied in small cascades with the help of pipe attached. Fishes along with falling water enters through pipe and falls into the Dhundka. Over night, about 1 kg of fish can be caught in the Dhundka. (Illustrated in plate 9.3)
4 Garri (Hooks) Garri is popular among children. This is nothing but the popular baited hooks. The stick used made up of bamboo. Earthworms and or small dead fishes are used for bait. (Illustrated in plate 9.4)
5 Zinka Reported from Mendha, this is bamboo mat as much as 15 feet (4.6 m) long and 10.5 feet (3.2 m) wide, depending upon the length of available bamboo and width of stream. It is fixed against water current so that it should immerse half in water. Flowing with water, fishes jumps on the non-immersed part of Zinka and die due to asphyxia. This is generally used in the outlets of agriculture field. Very small size fishes were observed during catching. (Illustrated in plate 9.5)
6 Dandoor Reported from Mendha, this is cylindrical structure made up of bamboo sticks. Just like Dhiri it has a one-way valve. This is similar in function with Dhiri. Large size fishes can be caught in the cylinder. (Illustrated in plate 9.6)
7 Gappa Reported from Mendha, this is active method of catching fishes usually from the shallow pools. Women catch fishes with the help of this bamboo pot. This is circular pot made up of bamboo sticks. Originally, it is devised for the agriculture purpose, to collects grains etc. From a shallow pool, water is thrown out side (some time on the Zinka) along with water fishes thrown out and collected in Dooti (A small bamboo pot for fish collection (Dooty is Illustrated in plate 10.7 and Gappa illustrated in plate 9.7)
8 Joka (Deep, lift Net) Reported from Mendha, this is a very simple bamboo made structure used to catch fishes from the small, shallow pools and ponds just like Gappa. It is nothing but a deep or lift net. Two people lower this bamboo pot into water and periodically taken out of water with fishes. (Illustrated in plate 9.8)
9 Kotra This gadget is used by Dhivar people of this area. This is a large net used in running water and after monsoon (September). This net has two parts viz. a Pusa (Net proper) and Ghumla a bamboo made cylindrical structure. The net proper is made up of nylon threads. The net is 6 feet (1.8 m) long and about 2 to 3 feet (0.91 m) in circumference. One end of the Pusa is attached to Ghumla. Water current is confined to flow through Kotra. For its application the velocity of water current should be high otherwise the fishes can return and escape. Flowing fishes trap into the Kotra. (Illustrated in plate 9.9)
10 Koturli This gadget is used by Dhivar people of this area. It is a type of the small sized gill net.
11 Tangad This gadget is used by Dhivar people of this area. This is just like gill net with dimensions measuring 100 feet (30 m) long and 10 feet (3.0 m) wide. It is generally used to catch large size fishes in fish culture ponds. (Illustrated in plate 10.1)
12 Pandi This gadget is used by Dhivar people of this area. It is just like gill net with dimensions measured 150 feet (46 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) wide. This is generally used to catch large size fishes. (Illustrated in plate 10.2)
13 Ghan Bhor Jar (Cast net small) Use of the cast net is very common practice among the Dhivar fisherman but it is not found among Gond, as it needs expertise to use and it is costly. Its circumference measured 840 cm and mesh size is 9X9 mm. (Illustrated in plate 10.3)
14 Motha bhor jar (Cast net large) This gadget is used by Dhivar people of this area. This is large size cast net.
15 Pelni This gadget is used by Dhivar people of this area. This is a triangle of the three bamboo poles to which a fine mesh is attached. It is applied against flowing water and once shoal of flowing fishes enters inside, the net lifts and entered fishes are collected. (Illustrated in plate 10.4)
16 Zoruli This gadget is used by Dhivar people of this area. This is a type of lift net and used to catch small sized fishes for household consumption.
17 Atki (Gill Net) This is passive method of the fishing and most popular among the Dhivar and not used at all by Gond tribal. This is gill net made up of synthetic fibers. Initially the cotton fibers were in use. The length, width and mesh size is highly variable and depends on what sized fishes to be caught and habitat of its application (If the habitat depth is more large size gill net used). Weaving of the gill net is skilled work and it is an important pastime of the Dhivar people (Illustrated in plate 10.9 and plate 10.5 and 10.6)
[edit] Night fishing
This is a unique type of method mainly performed in the winter season. This method probably designed considering nocturnal foraging behaviors of the fishes. In this method, a light source is used to blind the fishes temporarily. The light source now a day includes a petromax, however initially a hollow bamboo pole filled with coal was in use. This method can only be effective in shallow, clear water in which fishes can easily observable from the top. The temporarily blind fishes hit by a sharp instrument or easily collected by hand. During fishing event, an experienced person holds petromax in the hand and point out fishes to other people and other people collect the fish.
[edit] Others
Some techniques are (bottom-) trawling, seining, driftnetting, handlining, longlining, gillnetting, dragging, tiling, and diving.
[edit] References
- ^ Trout binning in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 12, Issue 328, August 23, 1828, Project Gutenberg.
- ^ How to Read a River when Trout Fishing by Troutlet.com[1]
- ^ Image of an eel spear.
- ^ Spear fishing for eels.
- ^ KiteLines Fall 1977 (Vol. 1 No. 3) Articles on Kite Fishing.
- ^ Big Dropper Rigs
- ^ Jared Diamond: Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. page 310. W.W. Norton & Company, March 1997. ISBN 0-393-03891-2.
- ^ Brewarrina Aboriginal Fish Traps.
- ^ Ajumawi Fish Traps.
- ^ Dam Fishing Fishing techniques of the Baka.
- ^ The Text of Magna Carta, see paragraph 33.
- ^ Shooting and Fishing the Trent, ancient fish traps.
- ^ Cormorant fishing: history and technique.
- ^ De Orbe Novo, Volume 1, The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera, Project Gutenberg.
- ^ Ethnozoology of the Tsou People: Fishing with poison.
- ^ Explosions In The Cretan Sea: The scourge of illegal fishing -- fishing with explosives.
Heda N. (2007):Some Studies on Ecology and Diversity of Fresh Water Fishes in the Two Rivers of Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra (India). A Thesis submitted to Sant Gadgebaba Amravati University, Maharashtra (India).
[edit] Further reading
- Schultz, Ken (1999). Fishing Encyclopedia: Worldwide Angling Guide. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0028620577.
- Gabriel, Otto; Andres von Brandt (2005). Fish Catching Methods of the World. Blackwell. ISBN 0852382804.
[edit] External links
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