Fish counter

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Automatic fish counters are automatic devices for measuring the number of fish passing along a particular river in a particular period of time. Usually one particular species is of interest.

One important species studied by fish counters are Atlantic salmon. This species is of interest owing to its ecologically vulnerable status and anadromous lifestyles.

Contents

[edit] Methods of operation

Fish counters can be divided into three principal types: resistive counters, optical counters, and hydroacoustic counters.

[edit] Resistive Counters

A resistive counter is associated with an in-river structure, such as a Crump weir. As fish cross this barrier, they pass electrodes embedded within it and the low resistivity of fish (compared to water) disturbs the field established in the vicinity of the electrodes, altering inter-electrode resistance. With three electrodes these disturbances can then be measured by a Wheatstone bridge, or other means, to detect the size and direction of travel of the fish.

Fish counters of this type are used widely in Scotland to census populations of Atlantic salmon, where comparison with CCTV shows around a 97% detection rate.

[edit] Optical Counters

An optical counter is also associated with an in-river structure. However, rather than pass electrodes, in an optical counter the fish interrupt some of a number of vertically arranged beams of light. The pattern of beam-breaks can be used to determine the size, profile, and direction of motion of the fish.

The performance of optical counters has been determined by studies, under various conditions, to be greater than 90%. Optical counters can also distinguish the size of fish more accurately than other counter types and so are particularly useful where a mixture of species inhabit a river (for example rivers where salmon mix with sea trout).

The key disadvantage of optical counters is the small penetration of the beams through the water, restricting their use to narrow river features or in-river structures, such as fish ladders.

[edit] Hydroacoustic Counters

Hydroacoustic counters operate using the principles of sonar. A fish is insonified by a sound source, and reflections from the fish are detected by an underwater microphone. The reflection occurs because of the sudden change in impedance to sound waves within the fish, particularly at the swimbladder (90% of the reflection).

Hydroacoustic counters do not require in-river structures, but require skilled installation and operators. Without skilled installation at ideal sites hydroacoustic counters can be inaccurate. Studies typically indicate detection rates of 50% to 80%, though one study found detection rates as low as 3%.

The lack of a requirement for any in-river structure makes the counters an attractive proposition for short-term studies. However, in many situations where a long-term count is required which is accurate in absolute terms, not only in relative change, resistivity or optical sensors tend to be preferred. For example, no hydroacoustic sensors are routinely used in the detection of Scottish Atlantic salmon.

[edit] Siting Counters

[edit] In River Structures

Resistivity and (particularly) optical fish counters require in-river structures to direct the fish through the detection aperture of the counter. Fish Ladders and Borland Fish passes are effective structures for this purpose and occasionally a natural restriction within the river may be used for a similar purpose. However for most counters a custom in-river structure will be required. One of the most effective such structures is the Crump weir, a triangular profile weir designed to ensure rapid planar flow over the detector.

[edit] Siting within the river system

When monitoring anadromous fish such as the Atlantic salmon it is important to remember that a species may return to a particular breeding ground throughout its life. This means that within the larger rivers a number of quite distinct populations may cross a counter together, in aggregate. A population which uses a particular tributary may collapse whilst the overall numbers are not clearly affected. Issues with the management of that particular tributary and population therefore go unnoticed. It is important in these situations, therefore, that counters are placed to count individual populations, rather than the species in aggregate, in order that population collapses and recoveries can be detected.

[edit] Alternative Methods

The results of automatic fish counters can be supplemented, confirmed, or replaced by a number of alternative techniques, varying in accuracy, cost, complexity, and skew effects.

  • Electrofishing
  • Traps
  • Net and rod counts
  • Redd counts (disturbances in gravel caused by mating activities of some fish)
  • CCTV

[edit] References

  • Eatherley, D.M.R., Thorley, J.L., Stephen, A.B., Simpson, I., MacLean, J.C. & Youngson, A.F. (2005). Trends in Atlantic salmon: the role of automatic fish counter data in their recording. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 100 (ROAME No. F01NB02).
  • The Estimation of Individual Fish Size Using Broadband Acoustics with Free-swimming Salmonids, Thomas J. McKeever. Masters Thesis in Aquaculture, University of Newfoundland, 1998.