First Battle of Guararapes
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The First Battle of Guararapes was a battle in a conflict called the Pernanbucana Insurrection, between Dutch and Portuguese forces in Brazil.
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[edit] The Beginnings
In April 18, 1648, around forty five hundred Dutch soldiers and five artillery pieces marched south, coming from Recife. On their way south, they eliminate a small defensive outpost on the village of Barreta. The few survivors regroup at the village of Arraial Novo do Bom Jesus, headquarters of the Pernambucana Resistance, where they report the incident.
Commanders of the resistance call for a march of 2,000 combatants towards the Guararapes ("Drums" in native language) Hills against an enemy better equipped and in superior numbers.
[edit] Dutch Forces
Von Schkoppe, the Dutch commander, experienced in Brazilian campaigns where he used to fight since he was a Captain, intended to proceed to the South, targeting initially the village of Muribeca - a key point to reach Santo Agostinho Cape. His plan was to isolate the resistance troops from reserves and supplies that might had come from the South, and them have them destroyed by his superior force.
[edit] Portuguese Forces
Barreto de Menezes, the Portuguese commander (Mestre-de-Campo-General) had recently arrived to that region and decided to follow his subordinate's suggestions: they would go to their enemy instead, and force the Dutch troops into a decisive encounter. That was a bold move, considering they were in half the numbers of their adversaries, and no artillery. At this point, information sent from the fallen Barreta outpost have come to them, and they knew exactly the size and equipment available to the Dutch forces.
[edit] The Battle
On the beginning of the fight, Von Schkoppe may have realized that he would have to fight a much stronger force than the one he had defeated in Barreta. Also, the opportunity to choose the proper place to meet a superior force was crucial for the Brazilian victory. The terrain was damp, mostly swamp, and did not allow for the classical in-line formation of European armies. Forced into a narrow front, the Dutch's advantages had been almost nullified.
The Portuguese forces are divided in five terços commanded by Barreto de Menezes, Fernandes Vieira, Antonio Filipe Camarao and Henrique Dias. Vidal de Negreiros is the commander of the fifth terço kept in reserve.
Barreto de Menezes concentrated his efforts on the space between the East face and the main swamp. In the center, Fernandes Vieira's terço had the mission to penetrate as deep possible into the enemy's formation. On the right flank, Felipe Camarão would use the long experience of the natives in fighting in the swamped terrain. Henrique Dias would use the "terço dos negros" (black's terço) to keep the Dutch from advancing and then avoiding the spear head advance from being flanked.
Limited by the lack of space for maneuver, Von Schkoppe concentrated most of his forces on the space between the east face and the main swamp. Three of his battalions were face-to-face against the terços of Vieira and Camarão, while two others of his battalions would try to flank the advancing forces and would be contained by the terço of Dias. Two Dutch battalions would not be allowed to manoeuver and would stay back, out of action.
The closed space also would not allow the use of firearms in its full potential and maximized the use of native weapons and the short sword. Diogo Lopes Santiago, a possible eye witness of that event, gives his gruesome account of that encounter: "(...) and as they run away, our soldiers would follow them with their swords with cuts and slashes, cutting legs, arms, heads, some killing, others wounding badly, laying on the field bodies without arms, trunks without heads (...) holding their sword on the middle of those squadrons, piles of enemies, giving spokes to some and to others death, showing the sword, tinted in blood."
[edit] Consequences
The Guararapes battle is considered the first military initiative based on the sense of a Brazilian Nation. The troops were a mix of Natives, Africans and Portuguese (the basis of the Brazilian pseudo-nationality; Brazil and USA are political states and not etnic nations) and was funded and organized locally, i.e. independent from a Portuguese kingdom that was already in sharp decline at the time.
This date and place historically define the beginnings of the Brazilian Army.
