First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Promotional poster to the 1926 Census
Promotional poster to the 1926 Census

The First All Union Census of the Soviet Union took place in 1926. It was an important tool in the state-building of the USSR, provided the government with important ethnographic information, and helped in the transformation from Imperial Russian society to Soviet society. The decisions made by ethnographers in determining the ethnicity (narodnost) of individuals, whether in the Asiatic or European parts of the former Russian Empire, through the drawing up of the "List of Ethnicities of the USSR", and how borders were drawn in mixed areas had a significant influence on Soviet policies. Ethnographers, statisticians, and linguists were drawing up questionnaires and list of ethnicities for the census. However, they also had the more ambitious goal of deliberately transforming their identities according to the principles of Marxism-Leninism. As Anastas Mikoyan put it, the Soviet Union was "creating and organising new nations"[1]

Contents

[edit] Previous censuses

The First All Union Census of the Soviet Union followed two partial censuses carried out by the Bolsheviks following their seizure of power in Russia. The first, the general census of 1920, took place during the Civil War and the Soviet-Polish War and was thus unable to deal with the Crimea, much of Transcaucasia, Ukraine, Belarus, Far Eastern, Siberian, and Central Asian parts of the Soviet Union as well as with its Far Northern parts. The 1923 Census was restricted to cities. Prior to the Russian Revolution, the only Russian Empire Census was done in 1897.

[edit] Methodology

By classifying the population in terms of narodnosti (nationalities)—as opposed to tribe or clan—along with policies which gave these nations land, resources, and rights, experts and local elites were encouraged to interfere with the information collecting. Coercion and deception were used to manipulate the census information on nationality to gain more resources and land, as representatives of different groups tried to swell their groups numbers, or present them as a compact mass,the better to gain territorial rights. As often as not the new census aggravated territorial disputes rather than solving them.[citation needed]

[edit] List of ethnicities

This list, called Programmy i posobiya po razrabotke Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1926 goda, vol. 7, Perechen i slovar narodnostey, Moscow 1927, was developed by the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR.[2]

  1. Russian (Great Russian)
  2. Ukrainian
  3. Belarusian
  4. Pole
  5. Czech
  6. Slovak
  7. Serb
  8. Bulgarian
  9. Latvian (151,410)
  10. Lithuanian
  11. Latgalians
  12. Zhmud (Zhmudin, Samogitian)
  13. German
  14. English
  15. Swede
  16. Dutch
  17. Italian
  18. French
  19. Romanian
  20. Moldavian
  21. Greek (Ellino)
  22. Albanian (Arnaut)
  23. Jew
  24. Crimean Jew
  25. Mountain Jew (Dag Chufut)
  26. Georgian Jew
  27. Central Asian Jew (Dzhugur)
  28. Karaim
  29. Finn
  30. Leningrad Finn (Chukhon)
  31. Karelian
  32. Tavas
  33. Estonian (Esti)
  34. Veps (Chukar, Chud, Kaivan)
  35. Vod (Vot, Vad, Vad'd'alaiset)
  36. Izhora (Ingrian)
  37. Kven
  38. Lopar (Sami people)
  39. Zyrian
  40. Permiak
  41. Votiak (Udmurt)
  42. Besermian
  43. Mari (Cheremis)
  44. Mordva (Moksha, Erzya, Teryukhan, Karatai)
  45. Magyars (Hungarian)
  46. Gagauz
  47. Chuvash
  48. Tatar
  49. Misher (Meshcheriak)
  50. Bashkir (Bashkurd)
  51. Nagaibak
  52. Nogai
  53. Gypsy
  54. Kalmyk
  55. Mongol
  56. Buryat
  57. Sart-Kalmyk
  58. Vogul (Mansi)
  59. Ostyak (Khanty)
  60. Ostiako-Samoed
  61. Samoyed (Khasava)
  62. Yurak
  63. Soyot (Soion, Uriankhai, Tuba)
  64. Barabin (Barbara Tartar)
  65. Buknaran (Bukharlyk)
  66. Cherneviy Tartar (Tubalar, Tuba-Kizhi)
  67. Altai (AAltai-Kizhi, Mountain or White Kalmyk)
  68. Teleut
  69. Telengit (Telengut)
  70. Kumandin (Lebedin, Ku-Kohzi)
  71. Shors
  72. Kharagas (Tuba, Kharagaz)
  73. (Kızıl) (Kyzyl)
  74. Kachin
  75. Sagai
  76. Koybal
  77. Beltir
  78. Dolgan (Dolgan-Iakut)
  79. Iakut (Sakha, Urangkhai-Sakha)
  80. Tungus (Ovenk, Murchen)
  81. Lamut
  82. Orochon
  83. Goldai (Nanai)
  84. Olchi (Mangun, Ulchi)
  85. Negidal (Negda, Eleke Beye)
  86. Orochi
  87. Udegei (Ude)
  88. Orok
  89. Manegir
  90. Samogir
  91. Manchurian
  92. Chukchi
  93. Koryaks
  94. Kamchadal (Itel'men)
  95. Giliak (Nivkhi)
  96. Iukagir
  97. Chuvan
  98. Aleut
  99. Eskimo
  100. Enisei (Ket, Enisei Ostiak)
  101. Aino (Ainu, Kuchi)
  102. Chinese
  103. Korean
  104. Japanese
  105. Georgian (Cartvelian)
  106. Ajar
  107. Megeli (Mingrelian)
  108. Laz (Chan)
  109. Svan (Svanetian)
  110. Abkhaz (Abkhazian)
  111. Cherkess (Adyghe)
  112. Beskesek-Abaza (Abazin)
  113. Kabard
  114. Ubykh
  115. Chechen (Nakh, Nakhchuo)
  116. Ingush (Galgai, Kist)
  117. Batsbi (Tsova-Tish, Batswa)
  118. Maistvei
  119. Lezgin
  120. Tabasaran
  121. Agul
  122. Archi
  123. Rutul (Mykhad)
  124. Tsakhur
  125. Khinalug
  126. Dzhek (Dzhektsy)
  127. Khaput (Gaputlin,Khaputlin)
  128. Kryz
  129. Budukh (Budug)
  130. Udin
  131. Dargin
  132. Kubachin (Ughbug)
  133. Lak (Kazi-Kumukh)
  134. Avar (Avartsy, Khunzal)
  135. Andi (Andiitsy, Kwanaly)
  136. Botlog (Buikhatli)
  137. Godberi
  138. Karatai
  139. Akhvakh
  140. Bagulal (Kvanandin)
  141. Chamalal
  142. Tindi (Tindal, Idera)
  143. Didoi(Tsez)
  144. Kvarshi
  145. Kapuchin (Bezheta)
  146. Khunzal (Enzebi, Nakhad)
  147. Armenian
  148. Khemshin
  149. Arab
  150. Aisor (Assyrian, Syrian, Chaldean)
  151. Kaitak (Karakaitak)
  152. Bosha (Karachi, Armenian Gypsy)
  153. Ossetian (Os)
  154. Kurd
  155. Iezid (yezid)
  156. Talysh
  157. Tar
  158. Persian
  159. Karachai
  160. Kumyk
  161. Balkar (Mountain Tartar, Malkar)
  162. Karakalpaks
  163. Tiurk
  164. Osman Turk (Osmanli)
  165. Samarkand and Fergana Turk
  166. Turkmen
  167. Kirgiz (Kyrgyz, Kara-Kirgiz)
  168. Karakalpak
  169. Kipchak
  170. Kashgar
  171. Taranchi
  172. Kazakh (Kirgiz-Kazakh, Kirgiz-Kaisak)
  173. Kurama
  174. Uzbek
  175. Dungan (Russian: Дунгане)
  176. Afghan
  177. Tajik
  178. Vakhan
  179. Ishkashim
  180. Shugnan
  181. Iagnob
  182. Iazgul
  183. Iranian
  184. Djemshid
  185. Beludji
  186. Berber
  187. Khazara
  188. Hindu (Indian)
  189. Other Ethnicities
  190. Ethnicities not noted or noted inexactly
a) Tavlin
b) Kraishen
c) Teptiar
d) Uigar
e) Oirot
f) Khakass
g) Others

191. Foreign subjects

[edit] References

  1. ^ "Национальный вопрос и национальная култура в Северо-Кавказском крае (Итоги и перспективы): К предстоящему съезду горских народов" (Natsionalny vopros i natsionalnaya kultura v Severo-Kavkazskom kraye (Itogi i perspektivy): K predstoyashchemu syezdu gorskikh narodov), Rostov-on-Don, 1926.
  2. ^ Empire of Nations:Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union by Francine Hirsch, Cornell University Press, 2005, pp. 329–333
Languages