Fiore dei Liberi
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Fiore dei Liberi (ca. 1350s - 1420s) was a medieval master of arms and the earliest master of the Italian school of swordsmanship from whom we have an extant manual.
The Flos Duellatorum is the name given to one of the manuscript versions of Fiore dei Liberi's illuminated manuscript fight book, written in 1410 (dated to 1409 in the old reckoning). There are two other surviving recensions, under the title Fior di Battaglia. Both Flos Duellatorum and Fior di Battaglia translate into English roughly as "The Flower of Battle," from Latin and Italian respectively.
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[edit] Life
Liberi declared that he was born in the Diocese of the Patriarchate of Aquileia in Cividale del Fruili in what was then Austria. The date of his birth has been estimated as around 1350, as described below. He was the son of Sir Benedetto dei Liberi.
Fiore dei Liberi wrote that he had a natural inclination to the martial arts and began at a young age. Later he studied under masters of arms in both Italy and Germany. He mentioned studying under Master Giovanni called Suveno, a scholar of Nicolo from Metz. Fiore was a contemporary of Johannes Liechtenauer, the founder of the German school of swordsmanship.
He mentioned in his prologue that he had to fight for his honour several times alone, without friends, trusting only to God and himself and his sword.
He began writing Flos Duellatorum on February 10, 1409. Liberi dedicated the book to his commissioner Sir Nicolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara, Modena and Parma, Italy. He noted in the prologue of his book that he had studied the arts of combat for more than 40 years. Therefore, assuming he began training at a young age of 10 years old (not uncommon for the children of nobility), he had to have been born around 1350.
His death date is an estimate as there are no known records of his life after he published his book. His teachings heavily influenced all of the Italian masters who came after him, most notably Filippo Vadi.
[edit] Manuscripts
The manuscript dated to 1409 was for a while considered lost, but is now known to be kept in a private collection [1]. It is referred to as the Pisani-Dossi (PD) manuscript for the last collection it was a part of before its disappearance. The information contained within survives in the form of a 1902 facsimile by the Italian historian Francesco Novati. Because of this, the Flos Duellatorum is also known as the Novati Manuscript, or the Novati Edition.
The other two surviving manuscripts are the Getty-Ludwig (Getty, "Getty's copy", Los Angeles, MS Ludwig XV13) and the Pierpont Morgan Library (Pierpoint, Morgan, "Morgan's copy", New York, MS M 0.0383) copies. Both of these bear the title Fior di Battaglia, and both are undated.
The Morgan copy unlike the other two versions does not contain a dedication to Nicolò III d'Este, in whose service Fiore composed his treatise. Its prologue is similar to the Getty version.
The Getty-Ludwig version is the most informative, being distinguished by several categorizations added by its copyist and, according to Robert Charron, an expert on the manuscript, by the degree of comprehension of the master's teaching displayed.
Inventories of the Estense library in Ferrara indicate that there were at least five copies of Fiore's work. By 1508, the manuscripts cease to be mentioned in the inventories. Two versions of Fiore's manuscript re-surfaced in private collections in Venice. The Morgan and Getty versions both were kept in England during the 19th century, before being moved to their present locations in America in the 20th century.
[edit] Contents
The Novati consists of illustrated pictures of the plays accompanied by short, rhyming verses in Italian to describe them.
The Pisani-Dossi version contains major sections on:
- Abrazare, fighting without weapons, usually translated as Wrestling but more literally Grappling
- Daga, or Dagger play (including defenses against a dagger when armed with a dagger and without one)
- Spada a un mano, Sword in one hand
- Spada a dui mani, Sword in two hands
- Spear and staff (The weapons are treated identically in Fiore's system)
- Spada en arme, Sword in armour (Chiefly halfswording techniques)
- Azza, Poleaxe
- Mounted combat (including wrestling, swordplay, and the lance from horseback)
- Sword vs. Dagger
Fiore also mentions the use of:
- Bastoncello (The baton) (this is displayed in the Getty as a tool for defending against the Dagger)
- Staff and dagger
- Pairs of clubs or cudgels and Dagger
- The use of the chiavarina (spear) against a man on horseback
[edit] Sette Spade
The best known image from the Flos Duellatorum is the sette spade (seven swords) diagram at the beginning of the longsword section (fol. 17A), reminiscent of the first image of the Codex Wallerstein. It is a figure of a man, divided by seven swords centered on the body, representing the poste or guard positions. This is surrounded by four animals, representing the main virtues of a fencer:
- on top, the lynx, holding a compass represents prudentia:
- Meio de mi'louo ceruino non uede creatura / E aquello meto sempre a sesto e mesura.
- "No other creature is able to look so clearly as me, the lynx / and by this I ever I ever reckon by compass and measure"
- to the left, the tiger holding an arrow represents celeritas
- Yo tigro tanto son presto a corer e uoltare / Che la sagita del cello non me po auancare.
- "I am the tiger, I am very quick to run and turn / That the arrow in the sky cannot approach me."
- to the right, the lion holding a heart represents audatia
- Piu de mi lione non porta cor ardito / Pero de bataia faço a zaschaduno inuito
- "None bears a more ardent heart than me, a lion / And I challenge anyone to battle."
- on the bottom, the elephant, carrying a tower, represents fortitudo:
- Ellefant son e uno castello ho per cargho / E non me inçenochio ni perdo uargho.
- "I am the elephant and I have a castle for a burden / And never do I kneel down nor do I lose my true place."
[edit] Literature
- Flos Duellatorum - Manuale di Arte del Combattimento del XV secolo di Fiore dei Liberi, Italian Publication by Marco Rubboli and Luca Cesari, Il Cerchio - Gli Archi, ISBN 88-8474-023-1
- Colin Richards, Fiore dei Liberi 1409, Wrestling & Dagger, Arts of Mars Books Publishing (2007) [2]
- Brian R. Price, Fiore dei Liberi's Sword in Two Hands, Chivalry Bookshelf (2007)
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Sala d'Arme Achille Marozzo (Italian Ancient Fencing Art Institute) transcriptions (Getty, Morgan and Pisani-Dossi)
- Fiore dei Liberi: Flos Duellatorum hosted by the Academy of European Medieval Martial Arts (AEMMA), Toronto, Canada
- Fiore dei Liberi and the Art of Arms by The Chicago Swordplay Guild
- Fiore Dei Liberi: 14th century Master of Defence by John Clements (ARMA)
- Schola Gladiatoria. Who was Fiore dei Liberi?
- Fior Di Battaglia Translation and Interpretation Project by The Exiles (text and translation)
- Novati facsimile of the Pisani-Dossi MS (PDF file, 42M)
- " The Flower of Battle" (Getty's copy)
- L'Arte delle Armi Ongoing translation project of the Getty copy by Ilkka Hartikainen
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