Finite element machine

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The Finite Element Machine^[1] (FEM) was built as part of a late 1970s-early 1980s NASA^[2] project to build and evaluate the performance of a parallel computer for structural analysis. The developmental work on the FEM was accomplished at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The motivation^[3] arose from the merger of two concepts, the finite element method of structural analysis and the introduction of relatively low-cost microprocessors. In the Finite element method, the behavior (stresses, strains and displacements resulting from load conditions) of large-scale structures is approximated by an FE model consisting of structural elements (members) connected at structural node points. Calculations on traditional computers are performed at each node point and results communicated to adjacent node points until the behavior of the entire structure is computed. On the Finite Element Machine, microprocessors located at each node point^[4] perform these nodal computations in parallel. If there are more node points (N) than microprocessors (P), then each microprocessor performs N/P computations. The Finite Element Machine contained 32 processor boards^[5] each with a Texas Instruments TMS9900 processor, 32 Input/Output (IO) boards and a TMS99/4 controller. The FEM was conceived and fabricated at NASA Langley Research Center^[6], Hampton Virginia long before parallel computers were available. The TI 9900 processor chip was selected by the NASA team as it was the first 16-bit processor available on the market which until then was limited to less powerful 8-bit processors. The FEM concept was successfully tested to solve beam bending equations on a Langley FEM prototype (4 IMSAI 8080s^[7]) which led to full-scale FEM fabrication & testing^[8] by the FEM hardware-software-applications team led by Dr. Olaf O. Storaasli^[9] formerly of NASA (now at Oak Ridge National Laboratory).

The first significant Finite Element Machine results are documented in: The Finite Element Machine: An experiment in parallel processing (NASA TM 84514) ^[10]

Based on the Finite Element Machine's success to demonstrate Parallel Computing viability, (alongside ILLIAC IV and Goodyear MPP), commercial parallel computers soon emerged on the market. NASA Langley subsequently purchased a Flex/32 Multicomputer (and later Intel iPSC and Intel Paragon) to continue parallel finite element algorithm R&D. In 1989, the parallel equation solver code, first prototyped on FEM, and tested on FLEX was ported to NASA's first Cray YMP via Force^[11] (Fortran for Concurrent Execution) to reduce the structural analysis computation time for the space shuttle Challenger Solid Rocket Booster resdesign with 54,870 equations from 14 hours to 6 seconds. This research accomplishment was awarded the first Cray GigaFLOP Award^[12] at Supercomputing '89. This code evolved into NASA's General-Purpose Solver^[13] (GPS) for Matrix Equations used in numerous finite element codes to speed solution time. GPS sped up AlphaStar Corporation's Genoa code 10X, allowing 10X larger applications for which the team was received NASA's 1999 Software of the Year Award^[14].