Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election, April 1981

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The by-election held in Fermanagh and South Tyrone on April 9, 1981 is considered by many to be the most significant by-election held in Northern Ireland since the beginning of the Troubles. It saw the first victory for the militant Republican movement, which the following year entered electoral politics in full force as Sinn Féin. The successful candidate was the IRA hunger striker Bobby Sands who died twenty-six days later.

The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Member of Parliament Frank Maguire.

[edit] Background of the constituency

Main article: Fermanagh and South Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency)

The constituency, based on the districts of Fermanagh and Dungannon, was created in 1950 and had seen a series of closely fought elections between Unionist and Nationalist candidates, with several elections being won due to the absence of competing candidates on one side or the other. Nationalists of varioues hues had won the constituency in the 1950, 1951 and 1955 general elections, whilst the Ulster Unionist Party had won in 1959, 1964 and 1966. Amidst the Troubles, nationalists agreed the Unity pact to run agreed candidates in border seats, with Frank McManus capturing Fermanagh & South Tyrone in the 1970 general election.

The February 1974 general election was the first to take place after several major political realignments in Northern Ireland. Opposition to the Sunningdale Agreement led to an alliance of Unionist parties under the label of the United Ulster Unionist Coalition running agreed candidates in all constituencies, here putting forward the new leader of the Ulster Unionists, Harry West. Although Unionist supporters of Sunningdale ran Hubert Brown, West garnered 26,858 votes (43.8%) to Brown's 3,157 (5.1%). The Nationalist vote was very evenly split with McManus gaining 16,229 votes (26.3%) and Denis Haughey, standing for the new Social Democratic and Labour Party, winning 15,410 votes (25.0%). Many Nationalists believed that the constituency could have been won had there been an agreed single nationalist candidate. When a second general election was held in October Frank Maguire stood as an Independent Republican with backing from all Nationalists, whilst West was the sole Unionist. Maguire gained 32,795 votes (51.8%) to West's 30,285 (47.9%) and 185 (0.3%) for Alan Evans, standing for the Communist Party of Ireland.

The fine balance of the seat continued in the 1975 elections to the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention when UUC gained 52% of the vote (with the small Unionist Party of Northern Ireland gaining an additional 2.3%). In the 1979 general election neither side fielded sole candidates. Maguire was challenged by Austin Currie, a local SDLP activist (and later official candidate) who disagreed with the party's decision to give Maguire a clear run, whilst the new Ulster Unionist candidate, Raymond Ferguson, was challenged by Ernest Baird, leader of the United Ulster Unionist Party, who sought to cement his new party's electoral position. Additionally the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland ran Peter Acheson. The results were: Maguire 22,398 (36.0%), Ferguson 17,411 (28.0%), Currie 10,785 (17.3%), Baird 10,607 (17.0%) and Acheson 1,070 (1.7%).

[edit] Candidates in the 1981 by-election

Maguire's death led to a by-election in early 1981, when the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike was underway. The by-election was seized on by supporters of the hunger strike as a way to register a protest and the leader of the hunger strikers, Bobby Sands, was nominated on the label "Anti-H-Block/Armagh Political Prisoner". Owen Carron served as his agent and Danny Morrison organised the campaign.

The Ulster Unionist Party nominated Harry West, who had by now stood down as leader.

No other candidates contested the seat, making it one of the last occasions when a Westminster constituency had only two candidates. Currie railed against the SDLP's decision not to stand, but the result was a highly polarised contest between unionism and militant republicanism.

[edit] Results

The turnout was 86.9%. There were 3,280 spoilt ballot papers, presumably this high number was due to the limited choice of candidates. The second by-election saw far fewer spoilt papers, with most of these votes going to either the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland or the Republican Clubs.

[edit] Consequences

Sands died only twenty-six days later, precipitating a second by-election. New legislation was passed by Parliament to bar "convicted felons" from standing for election; as a result another hunger-striker could not be nominated and so Owen Carron stood as "Anti-H-Block Proxy Political Prisoner". The following year saw Sinn Féin begin to contest elections in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

[edit] External links

• British Parliamentary By Elections: Campaign literature from the by-election