Feline viral rhinotracheitis
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Feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) is an upper respiratory infection of cats caused by feline herpesvirus 1, of the family Herpesviridae. It is also known as feline influenza and feline coryza. Viral respiratory diseases in cats can be serious, especially in catteries and kennels. Causing one-half of the respiratory diseases in cats,[1] FVR is the most important of these diseases and is found worldwide. The other important cause of feline respiratory disease is feline calicivirus.
FVR is very contagious and can cause severe disease, including death from pneumonia in young kittens. All members of the Felidae family are susceptible to FVR, in fact FHV-1 has caused a fatal encephalitis in lions in Germany.[2]
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[edit] History
FHV-1 was first isolated from cats in 1958 in the United States.[3]
[edit] Transmission
FVR is transmitted through the air and direct contact. It replicates in the nasal and nasopharyngeal tissues and the tonsils. Viremia (the presence of the virus in the blood) is rare. The virus is shed in saliva and eye and nasal secretions, and can also be spread by fomites. FVR has a two to five day incubation period.[1] The virus is shed for one to three weeks postinfection.[2] Latently infected cats (carriers) will shed FHV-1 intermittently for life, with the virus persisting within the trigeminal ganglion. Stress and use of corticosteroids precipitate shedding.
[edit] Symptoms
Initial symptoms of FVR include coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and sometimes fever and loss of appetite. The symptoms usually resolve within four to seven days, but secondary bacterial infections can cause persistence of symptoms for weeks.[2] Frontal sinusitis and empyema can also result.
FHV-1 also has a predilection for corneal epithelium, resulting in corneal ulcers, often pinpoint or dendritic in shape. Other ocular symptoms of FHV-1 infection include conjunctivitis, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (decreased tear production), and corneal sequestra.[4] Infection of the nasolacrimal duct can result in chronic epiphora (excess tearing). Ulcerative skin disease can also result from FHV-1 infection.[5] FHV-1 can also cause abortion in pregnant queens, usually at the sixth week of gestation,[1] although this may be due to systemic effects of the infection rather than the virus directly.
In chronic nasal and sinus disease of cats, FHV-1 may play more of an initiating role than an ongoing cause. Infection at an early age may permanently damage nasal and sinus tissue, causing a disruption of ciliary clearance of mucus and bacteria, and predispose these cats to chronic bacterial infections.[6]
[edit] Diagnosis
Diagnosis of FVR is usually by the symptoms, especially corneal ulceration. Definitive diagnosis can be done by direct immunofluorescence or virus isolation. However, many healthy cats carry feline herpes virus asymptomatically, so a positive test for FHV-1 does not necessarily indicate that symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection are due to it. Early in the course of the disease, histological analysis of cells from the tonsils, nasal tissue, or nictitating membrane (third eyelid) may show inclusion bodies (a collection of viral particles) within the nucleus of infected cells.[7]
[edit] Treatment and prevention
Antibiotics are commonly used to prevent secondary bacterial infection. There are no specific antiviral drugs in common use at this time for FVR, although one study has shown that ganciclovir, PMEDAP, and cidofovir hold promise for treatment.[8]. More recent research has indicated that systemic famciclovir is effective at treating this infection in cats without the side effects reported with other anti-viral agents.[citation needed] More severe cases may require supportive care such as intravenous fluid therapy, oxygen therapy, or even a feeding tube. Conjunctivitis and corneal ulcers are treated with topical antibiotics for secondary bacterial infection. L-lysine has been recommended anecdotally to suppress viral replication.[9] A more recent study supports the use of L-lysine for treatment of ocular signs of FHV-1 infection.[10]
There is a vaccine for FHV-1 available, but although it limits the severity of the disease and may reduce viral shedding, it does not prevent infection with FVR.[11] Studies have shown a duration of immunity of this vaccine to be at least three years.[12] The use of serology to demonstrate circulating antibodies to FHV-1 has been shown to have a positive predictive value for indicating protection from this disease.[13] Most household disinfectants will inactivate FHV-1. The virus can survive up to 18 hours in a damp environment, but less in a dry environment and only shortly as an aerosol.[11]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b c Carter, G.R.; Flores, E.F.; Wise, D.J. (2006). Herpesviridae. A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology. Retrieved on 2006-06-08.
- ^ a b c Ettinger, Stephen J.;Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 4th ed., W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-6795-3.
- ^ Maeda K, Horimoto T, Mikami T (1998). "Properties and functions of feline herpesvirus type 1 glycoproteins". J Vet Med Sci 60 (8): 881–8. doi:. PMID 9764399.
- ^ Stiles J (1995). "Treatment of cats with ocular disease attributable to herpesvirus infection: 17 cases (1983-1993)". J Am Vet Med Assoc 207 (5): 599–603. PMID 7649774.
- ^ Holland J, Outerbridge C, Affolter V, Maggs D (2006). "Detection of feline herpesvirus 1 DNA in skin biopsy specimens from cats with or without dermatitis". J Am Vet Med Assoc 229 (9): 1442–6. doi:. PMID 17078806.
- ^ Johnson L, Foley J, De Cock H, Clarke H, Maggs D (2005). "Assessment of infectious organisms associated with chronic rhinosinusitis in cats". J Am Vet Med Assoc 227 (4): 579–85. doi:. PMID 16117066.
- ^ Feline Respiratory Disease Complex. The Merck Veterinary Manual (2006). Retrieved on 2007-04-01.
- ^ van der Meulen K, Garré B, Croubels S, Nauwynck H (2006). "In vitro comparison of antiviral drugs against feline herpesvirus 1". BMC Vet Res 2: 13. PMID 16640781.
- ^ Gelatt, Kirk N. (ed.) (1999). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 3rd ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-30076-8.
- ^ Stiles J, Townsend W, Rogers Q, Krohne S (2002). "Effect of oral administration of L-lysine on conjunctivitis caused by feline herpesvirus in cats". Am J Vet Res 63 (1): 99–103. doi:. PMID 16206789.
- ^ a b Gaskell R, Dawson S, Radford A, Thiry E (2007). "Feline herpesvirus". Vet Res 38 (2): 337–54. doi:. PMID 17296160.
- ^ Gore T, Lakshmanan N, Williams J, Jirjis F, Chester S, Duncan K, Coyne M, Lum M, Sterner F (2006). "Three-year duration of immunity in cats following vaccination against feline rhinotracheitis virus, feline calicivirus, and feline panleukopenia virus". Vet Ther 7 (3): 213–22. PMID 17039444.
- ^ Lappin, Michael R. (2006). Use of serological tests to determine vaccine needs (PDF). Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Retrieved on 2007-04-01.
