Feldspar

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Lunar Ferroan Anorthosite #60025 (Plagioclase Feldspar). Collected by Apollo 16 from the Lunar Highlands near Descartes Crater. This sample is currently on display at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC. United States (Unknown scale)

Feldspar is the name of a group of rock-forming minerals which make up as much as 60% of the Earth's crust.^[1]

Feldspars crystallize from magma in both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks, and they can also occur as compact minerals, as veins, and are also present in many types of metamorphic rock.^[2] Rock formed entirely of plagioclase feldspar (see below) is known as anorthosite.^[3] Feldspars are also found in many types of sedimentary rock.^[4]

1 Etymology
2 Compositions
3 Uses
4 References
5 See also

[edit] Etymology

Feldspar is derived from the German Feld, field, and Spat, a rock that does not contain ore. "Feldspathic" refers to materials that contain feldspar. The alternative spelling, felspar, has now largely fallen out of use.^[5]

[edit] Compositions

Feldspar

Alkali feldspar perthite (7cm long X 3cm width)

This group of minerals consists of framework or tectosilicates. Compositions of major elements in common feldspars can be expressed in terms of three endmembers:

K-feldspar endmember K Al Si₃O₈^[1]

Albite endmember Na Al Si₃O₈^[1]

Anorthite endmember Ca Al₂Si₂O₈^[1]

Solid solutions between K-feldspar and albite are called alkali feldspar.^[1] Solid solutions between albite and anorthite are called plagioclase^[1], or more properly plagioclase feldspar. Only limited solid solution occurs between K-feldspar and anorthite, and in the two other solid solutions, immiscibility occurs at temperatures common in the crust of the earth. Albite is considered both a plagioclase and alkali feldspar. In addition to albite, barium feldspars are also considered both alkali and plagioclase feldspars. Barium feldspars form as potassium is replaced by barium.

The alkali feldspars are as follows:

orthoclase (monoclinic),^[6] — KAlSi₃O₈
sanidine (monoclinic)^[7] —(K,Na)AlSi₃O₈
microcline (triclinic)^[8] — KAlSi₃O₈
anorthoclase (triclinic) — (Na,K)AlSi₃O₈

Sanidine is stable at the highest temperatures, and microcline at the lowest.^[7]^[6] Perthite is a typical texture in alkali feldspar, due to exsolution of contrasting alkali feldspar compositions during cooling of an intermediate composition. The perthitic textures in the alkali feldspars of many granites can be seen with the naked eye.^[9] Microperthitic textures in crystals are visible using a light microscope, whereas cryptoperthitic textures can only be seen using an electron microscope.

Labradorite

The plagioclase feldspars are triclinic. The plagioclase series follows (with percent anorthite in parentheses):

albite (0 to 10) — NaAlSi₃O₈
oligoclase (10 to 30) — (Na,Ca)(Al,Si)AlSi₂O₈
andesine (30 to 50) — NaAlSi₃O₈ — CaAl₂Si₂O₈
labradorite (50 to 70) — (Ca,Na)Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈
bytownite (70 to 90) — (NaSi,CaAl)AlSi₂O₈
anorthite (90 to 100) — CaAl₂Si₂O₈

Intermediate compositions of plagioclase feldspar also may exsolve to two feldspars of contrasting composition during cooling, but diffusion is much slower than in alkali feldspar, and the resulting two-feldspar intergrowths typically are too fine-grained to be visible with optical microscopes. The immiscibility gaps in the plagioclase solid solution are complex compared to the gap in the alkali feldspars. The play of colors visible in some feldspar of labradorite composition is due to very fine-grained exsolution lamellae.

The barium feldspars are monoclinic and comprise the following:

celsian — BaAlSi₃O₈
hyalophane — (K,Na,Ba)(Al,Si)₄O₈

[edit] Uses

Feldspar output in 2005. Click the image for the details.

Feldspar is a common raw material in the production of ceramics and geopolymers.
Feldspars are used for thermoluminescence dating and optical dating in earth sciences and archaeology
Feldspar is an ingredient in Bon Ami US brand household cleaner.
Feldspar is often an anti-caking agent used in powdered forms of non-dairy creamer.

In 2005, Italy was the top producer of feldspar with almost one-fifth world share followed by Turkey, China and Thailand, reports the International Monetary Fund.

[edit] References

This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2007)

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Feldspar. What is Feldspar? Industrial Minerals Association. Retrieved on July 18, 2007.
^ "Metamorphic Rocks." Metamorphic Rocks Information. Retrieved on July 18, 2007.
^ "Gem, Rock, and Mineral Postage Stamps Featuring Anorthosite." Anorthosite Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
^ "Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks." Geology. Retrieved on July 18, 2007.
^ Harper, Douglas. "Feldspar." Feldspar Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "The Mineral Orthoclase." Feldspar Amethyst Galleries, Inc. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Sanidine Feldspar." Feldspar Amethyst Galleries, Inc. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
^ "Microcline Feldspar." Feldspar Amethyst Galleries, Inc. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
^ Ralph, Jolyon & Ida. "Perthite." Perthite Profile on mindat.org Retrieved on February 8, 2008.