User:Fbjon/templatetest

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v • d • e Human topics

Anatomy · Appearance · Art · Behavior · Biology · Body · Civilization · Communication · Condition · Culture · Development · Evolution · Genetics · Health · Mind · Nature · Rights · Sexuality · Society · Technology

v • d • e Human organ systems

Cardiovascular system • Digestive system • Endocrine system • Immune system • Integumentary system • Lymphatic system • Muscular system • Nervous system • Reproductive system • Respiratory system • Skeletal system • Urinary system

v • d • e Biological tissue

Animals	Epithelium - Connective - Muscular - Nervous

Plants	Dermal - Vascular - Ground

v • d • e Musculoskeletal system, connective tissue: bone and cartilage

Cartilage	perichondrium, fibrocartilage callus, metaphysis cells (chondroblast, chondrocyte) types (hyaline, elastic, fibrous)

Bone	ossification (intramembranous, endochondral, epiphyseal plate) cycle (osteoblast, osteoid, osteocyte, osteoclast) types (cancellous, cortical) regions (epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis) structure (osteon/Haversian system, Haversian canals, Volkmann's canals, endosteum, periosteum, Sharpey's fibres, enthesis, lacunae, canaliculi, trabeculae, medullary cavity, bone marrow) shapes (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid)

v • d • e

Bones of head and neck: the facial bones of the skull

Maxilla

Zygomatic

Orbital process (Zygomatico-orbital) - Temporal process (Zygomaticotemporal) - Lateral process (Zygomaticofacial)

Palatine

Fossae	Pterygopalatine fossa - Pterygoid fossa

Plates	Horizontal plate (Posterior nasal spine) - Perpendicular plate (Pterygopalatine canal, Sphenopalatine foramen, Pyramidal process)

Processes	Orbital - Sphenoidal

Mandible

Body	external surface (Symphysis menti, Mental protuberance, Mental foramen) - internal surface (Mental spine, Mylohyoid line, Sublingual fovea, Submandibular fovea) - Alveolar part of mandible

Ramus	Mylohyoid groove (Mandibular canal, Lingula) - Mandibular foramen - Angle Coronoid process - Mandibular notch - Condyloid process

Minor/
nose

Nasal bone: Internasal suture - Nasal foramina

Inferior nasal concha: Ethmoidal process - Maxillary process

Vomer: Wing

Lacrimal: Posterior lacrimal crest - Lacrimal groove - Lacrimal hamulus

v • d • e

Bones of head and neck: the cranium of the skull

Occipital

Squama	external (Inion/External occipital protuberance, Nuchal lines) - planes (Occipital, Nuchal) - internal (Cruciform eminence, Internal occipital protuberance, Sagittal sulcus, Internal occipital crest)

Lateral parts	Condyle (Condyloid fossa, Condylar canal) - Hypoglossal canal - jugular (Jugular process, Jugular tubercle)

Basilar part	Pharyngeal tubercle

Other	Foramen magnum

Parietal

Parietal eminence - Temporal line - Parietal foramen

Frontal

Squama	Frontal suture - Frontal eminence - external (Superciliary arches, Glabella) - foramina (Supraorbital, Cecum) - Zygomatic process - internal (Sagittal sulcus, Frontal crest)

Orbital part	Ethmoidal notch - Lacrimal fossa - Trochlear fovea - Frontal sinus - Frontonasal duct

Temporal

Squama	Articular tubercle - Suprameatal triangle - Mandibular fossa - Petrotympanic fissure - Zygomatic process

Mastoid part	Mastoid foramen - Mastoid process (Mastoid cells) - Mastoid notch - Occipital groove - Sigmoid sulcus - Mastoid antrum (Entrance)

Petrous part	Carotid canal - Facial canal (Hiatus) - Internal auditory meatus - Aqueduct of cochlea - Stylomastoid foramen fossae (Subarcuate fossa, Jugular fossa) - canaliculi (Inferior tympanic, Mastoid) - Styloid process - Petrosquamous suture (note: ossicles in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone)

Tympanic part	Suprameatal spine

Sphenoid

Surfaces	Superior surface: Sella turcica (Dorsum sellae, Tuberculum sellae, Hypophysial fossa, Posterior clinoid processes) - Ethmoidal spine - Chiasmatic groove - Middle clinoid process - Petrosal process - Clivus Lateral surface: Carotid groove - Sphenoidal lingula Anterior surface: Sphenoidal sinuses

Great wings	foramina (Rotundum, Ovale, Vesalii, Spinosum) - Spine - Infratemporal crest - Sulcus for auditory tube

Small wings	Superior orbital fissure - Anterior clinoid process - Optic canal

Pterygoid processes	fossae (Pterygoid, Scaphoid) - pterygoid plates (Lateral, Medial) - Pterygoid canal - Hamulus

Other	Body - Sphenoidal conchae

Ethmoid

Plates	Cribriform plate (Crista galli, Olfactory foramina) - Perpendicular plate

Surfaces	Lateral surface Orbital lamina - Uncinate process Medial surface Superior nasal concha - Superior meatus - Middle nasal concha - Middle meatus

Labyrinth	Ethmoid sinus - ethmoidal foramina (Posterior, Anterior)

v • d • e Bones of head and neck: cranial sutures, fontanelles, and related regions

Cranial sutures	Cranial: Frontoethmoidal - Frontal or Metopic (Frontal/Frontal) - Coronal (Frontal/Parietal) - Occipitomastoid (Occipital/Temporal) - Lambdoid (Parietal/Temporal) - Sagittal (Parietal/Parietal) - Sphenoethmoidal - Sphenofrontal - Sphenoparietal - Sphenosquamosal (Sphenoid/Temporal) - Sphenopetrosal (Sphenoid/Temporal) -Squamosal (Temporal/Parietal) - Petrosquamous (Temporal/Temporal) Facial: Palatomaxillary suture Cranial-facial: Sphenozygomatic - Zygomaticotemporal - Zygomaticofrontal

Fontanelles	Anterior fontanelle - Posterior fontanelle - Sphenoidal fontanelle - Mastoid fontanelle

Foramina of multiple bones	Inferior orbital fissure - Foramen lacerum - Jugular foramen - Nasolacrimal canal

Fossae	Anterior cranial fossa - Middle cranial fossa - Posterior cranial fossa - Cranial cavity

Other compound structures	Cranial: Asterion - Pterion - Calvaria - Stephanion - Bregma - Lambda Facial: Nasion Cranial-facial: Dacryon - Zygomatic arch - Temporal fossa - Infratemporal fossa - Pterygomaxillary fissure - Pterygopalatine fossa

v • d • e Bones of upper limbs

Pectoral girdle, clavicle	conoid tubercle - trapezoid line - costal tuberosity - subclavian groove

Scapula	fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous) - suprascapular notch - glenoid cavity tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid) - spine of scapula - acromion - coracoid process borders (superior, lateral/axillary, medial/vertebral) - angles (superior, inferior, lateral)

Humerus	upper extremity: necks (anatomical, surgical) - tubercles (greater, lesser) - intertubercular sulcus body: radial sulcus - deltoid tuberosity lower extremity: capitulum - trochlea - epicondyles (lateral, medial) - supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial) - fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon)

Forearm	radius: upper extremity (head, tuberosity) - body - lower extremity (ulnar notch, styloid process) ulna: upper extremity (tuberosity, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch) - body - lower extremity (head, styloid process)

Hand	carpus: scaphoid - lunate - triquetral - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate (hamulus) metacarpus: 1st metacarpal - 2nd - 3rd - 4th - 5th phalanges of the hand: proximal - intermediate - distal

v • d • e Bones of torso

Sternum	Suprasternal notch, Manubrium, Sternal angle, Body of sternum, Xiphisternal joint, Xiphoid process

Rib	specific ribs (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, false - 8-12, floating - 11-12) - parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head)

General vertebral structures	body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular / zygapophysis, spinous)

Cervical vertebrae	C1 (anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass), C2 (dens), C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, foramen transversarium

Thoracic vertebrae	T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12 costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse)

Lumbar vertebrae	accessory process, mammillary process, L5

Sacrum	pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina), dorsal surface (posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest, medial sacral crest, lateral sacral crest), lateral surface (sacral tuberosity), base, sacral hiatus - presacral space - sacral promontory - sacral canal - ala of sacrum - sacrovertebral angle

v • d • e

Bones of lower limbs

Femur

upper extremity	head (fovea) · neck · greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) · lesser trochanter · intertrochanteric line · intertrochanteric crest

body	linea aspera · gluteal tuberosity/third trochanter · pectineal line

lower extremity	adductor tubercle · epicondyles (lateral, medial) · condyles (lateral, medial) · patellar surface · intercondylar fossa

Tibia

upper extremity	intercondylar eminence (posterior intercondylar area, anterior intercondylar area, lateral intercondylar tubercle, medial intercondylar tubercle) · condyles (lateral, medial)

body	tuberosity · soleal line

lower extremity	medial malleolus · fibular notch

Fibula

head · body · lateral malleolus

Tarsus

calcaneus (sustentaculum tali, trochlear process) · talus (body, neck, head) · navicular · cuboid · cuneiform (medial, intermediate, lateral)

Metatarsus

1st metatarsal · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th

Other

patella · phalanges of the foot

v • d • e Bones of pelvis/pelvic cavity

General	sacrum, coccyx, hip bone

Ilium	Body (Arcuate line) Wing: gluteal lines (Posterior, Anterior, Inferior) - Fossa - iliac spines (Anterior superior, Anterior inferior, Posterior superior, Posterior inferior) - Crest - Tuberosity

Ischium	Body (Ischial spine, Lesser sciatic notch) - Superior ramus (Tuberosity of the ischium) - Inferior ramus

Pubis	Body - Superior ramus (Pubic tubercle, Pubic crest, Obturator crest) - Inferior ramus (Pectineal line)

Compound	Acetabulum (Acetabular notch) - Iliopubic eminence/Iliopectineal line - Linea terminalis - Ischiopubic ramus/Pubic arch Obturator foramen - Greater sciatic foramen/Greater sciatic notch - Lesser sciatic foramen Lesser pelvis (Pelvic inlet, Pelvic brim, Pelvic outlet) - Greater pelvis

v • d • e

Joints and ligaments of head and neck

Craniocervical

Atlanto-axial (lat + med)	capsule - atlantoaxial ligaments (anterior, posterior) - cruciform ligament of atlas (transverse ligament of the atlas)

Atlanto-occipital	capsule - membranes (anterior atlantoöccipital membrane - posterior atlantoöccipital membrane - tectorial membrane) alar ligament - ligament of apex dentis

Temporomandibular

capsule - articular disk
lateral (temporomandibular ligament) - medial (sphenomandibular ligament, stylomandibular ligament)

Other

Cricothyroid articulation - Cricoarytenoid articulation

v • d • e Joints and ligaments of upper limbs

Shoulder	sternoclavicular: anterior sternoclavicular - posterior sternoclavicular - interclavicular - costoclavicular acromioclavicular: acromioclavicular - coracoclavicular (trapezoid, conoid) - coracoacromial - superior transverse scapular - inferior transverse of scapula glenohumeral: coracohumeral - glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior) - transverse humeral - glenoid labrum

Elbow	humeroradial: radial collateral humeroulnar: ulnar collateral proximal radioulnar: annular - oblique cord

Forearm	distal radioulnar: volar radioulnar - dorsal radioulnar wrist/radiocarpal: palmar radiocarpal - dorsal radiocarpal - palmar ulnocarpal - ulnar collateral - radial collateral

Hand	intercarpal, midcarpal: pisohamate - scapholunate carpometacarpal: dorsal carpometacarpal - palmar carpometacarpal (pisometacarpal) intermetacarpal: deep transverse metacarpal - superficial transverse metacarpal metacarpophalangeal: palmar - collateral interphalangeal: palmar - collateral

v • d • e Joints and ligaments of torso

Vertebral column	articulations of vertebral bodies: anterior longitudinal ligament - posterior longitudinal ligament - intervertebral disc (annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus) articulations of vertebral arches : ligamenta flava - supraspinous ligament (nuchal ligament) - interspinal ligament - intertransverse ligament zygapophysial joint

Costovertebral	articulation of head of rib: radiate ligament - interarticular ligament costotransverse

Sternocostal	interarticular sternocostal ligament - radiate sternocostal ligaments - costoxiphoid ligaments interchondral, costochondral

Pelvis	articulation of the vertebral column with the pelvis: iliolumbar ligament sacroiliac: anterior sacroiliac ligament - posterior sacroiliac ligament - interosseous sacroiliac ligament ligaments connecting the sacrum and ischium: sacrotuberous ligament - sacrospinous ligament sacrococcygeal symphysis: anterior sacrococcygeal ligament - posterior sacrococcygeal ligament pubic symphysis: superior pubic ligament - inferior pubic ligament

v • d • e Joints and ligaments of lower limbs

Coxal/hip	femoral (iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral) - head of femur - transverse acetabular

Knee-joint	extracapsular: patellar - popliteal (oblique, arcuate) - collateral (medial/tibial, fibular/lateral) intracapsular: cruciate (anterior, posterior) - menisci (medial, lateral) - transverse

Tibiofibular	Superior tibiofibular: anterior of the head of the fibula - posterior of the head of the fibula Inferior tibiofibular: anterior of the lateral malleolus - posterior of the lateral malleolus

Talocrural/ankle	medial: medial of talocrural joint/deltoid (anterior tibiotalar, posterior tibiotalar, tibiocalcaneal, tibionavicular) lateral: lateral collateral of ankle joint (anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular)

Foot - subtalar/talocalcaneal	anterior/posterior - lateral/medial - interosseous

Foot - transverse tarsal	Talocalcaneonavicular: dorsal talonavicular - plantar calcaneonavicular/spring - bifurcated (calcaneonavicular) Calcaneocuboid: dorsal calcaneocuboid - long plantar - plantar calcaneocuboid - bifurcated (calcaneocuboid)

Foot - distal intertarsal	Cuneonavicular: plantar - dorsal Cuboideonavicular: plantar - dorsal Intercuneiform: plantar - dorsal - interosseous

Foot - other	Tarsometatarsal/Lisfranc: plantar - dorsal Intermetatarsal/metatarsal: plantar - dorsal - interosseous - superficial transverse - deep transverse Metatarsophalangeal: plantar - collateral Interphalangeal: plantar - collateral

Arches of the foot	Longitudinal - Transverse

v • d • e Muscular system

Topics	Muscular tissue • Muscle contraction • Muscles of the human body

Types of muscles	Cardiac muscle • Skeletal muscle • Smooth muscle

v • d • e

List of muscles of head and neck: the head

Extraocular (CN III, IV, VI)

oblique (inferior, superior) - rectus (superior, inferior, medial, lateral) - levator palpebrae superioris (superior tarsal)

Mastication (CN V3)

masseter - temporalis - pterygoid (lateral, medial)

Facial (CN VII)

Mouth/throat (CN IX, X, XI)
(except TVP=V3)

Soft palate	veli palatini (tensor, levator) - musculus uvulae - palatopharyngeus (to pharnyx) - palatoglossus (to tongue)

Pharynx	pharyngeal constrictor (superior, middle, inferior) - longitudinal (stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus)

Larynx	cricothyroid - cricoarytenoid (posterior, lateral) - arytenoid (oblique arytenoid/aryepiglottic, transverse arytenoid) - thyroarytenoid (vocal, thyroepiglottic)

Tongue (CN XII)

extrinsic (genioglossus, hyoglossus/chondroglossus, styloglossus) - intrinsic (superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical)

v • d • e List of muscles of head and neck: the neck

Cervical	CN VII (superficial): platysma CN XI (deep): sternocleidomastoid

Suprahyoid	CN V3 (medial): mylohyoid - anterior belly of digastric CN VII (lateral): stylohyoid - posterior belly of digastric C1 (deep): geniohyoid

Infrahyoid/strap	C1: thyrohyoid C1-C3: sternohyoid - sternothyroid - omohyoid

Vertebral	C1-C6 (anterior): rectus capitis (anterior, lateralis) - longus (capitis, colli) C3-C8 (lateral): scalene (anterior, medius, posterior)

v • d • e List of muscles of torso

BACK	splenius (capitis, cervicis) - erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) - latissimus dorsi transversospinales: (semispinalis dorsi, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, rotatores) - interspinales - intertransversarii

SUBOCCIPITAL	rectus capitis posterior (major, minor) - obliquus capitis (inferior, superior)

CHEST	intercostales (external, internal, innermost) - subcostales - transversus thoracis - levatores costarum - serratus posterior (inferior, superior) - diaphragm

ABDOMEN	anterior/lateral wall: obliques (external, internal) - transversus abdominis - rectus abdominis - pyramidalis posterior wall: quadratus lumborum - psoas major/psoas minor - iliacus cremaster

PELVIS/FLOOR	levator ani (iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis) - coccygeus

PERINEUM	anal triangle: sphincter ani (externus, internus) superficial perineal pouch (superficial transverse perineal, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus) deep perineal pouch (deep transverse perineal, sphincter urethrae membranaceae)

v • d • e List of muscles of upper limbs

VERTEBRAL COLUMN	trapezius - latissimus dorsi - rhomboid (major, minor) - levator scapulae

THORACIC WALLS	pectoralis major - pectoralis minor - subclavius - serratus anterior

SHOULDER	deltoid - rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) - teres major

ARM	anterior compartment: coracobrachialis - biceps brachii - brachialis posterior compartment: triceps brachii - anconeus

FOREARM	anterior compartment: superf. - pronator teres - palmaris longus - flexor carpi radialis - flexor carpi ulnaris - flexor digitorum superficialis anterior compartment: deep - pronator quadratus - flexor digitorum profundus - flexor pollicis longus posterior compartment: superf. - mobile wad (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis) - extensor digitorum, - extensor digiti minimi - extensor carpi ulnaris posterior compartment: deep - supinator - anatomical snuff box (abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus) - extensor indicis

HAND	lateral volar - thenar (opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis) - adductor pollicis medial volar - hypothenar (opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor minimi digiti) - palmaris brevis intermediate - lumbrical - interossei (dorsal, palmar)

v • d • e List of muscles of lower limbs

ILIAC Region / ILIOPSOAS	psoas major/psoas minor - iliacus

BUTTOCKS	gluteals: (maximus, medius, minimus) - tensor fasciae latae lateral rotator group: piriformis - inferior gemellus - obturator internus - superior gemellus - quadratus femoris

THIGH	anterior compartment: sartorius - quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis) - articularis genu posterior compartment/hamstring: biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus medial compartment: pectineus - obturator externus - gracilis - adductor (longus, brevis, magnus)

LEG	anterior compartment: tibialis anterior - extensor hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus - peroneus tertius posterior compartment: superficial - calf/triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus) - plantaris posterior compartment: deep - tarsal tunnel (flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior) - popliteus lateral compartment: peroneus muscles (longus, brevis)

FOOT	dorsal - extensor hallucis brevis - extensor digitorum brevis plantar - 1st layer (abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi) plantar - 2nd layer (quadratus plantae, lumbrical muscle) plantar - 3rd layer (flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis) plantar - 4th layer (dorsal interossei, plantar interossei)

v • d • e Cardiovascular system

Systemic circulation	Heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → Heart

Pulmonary circulation	Heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Heart

v • d • e Anatomy of torso, cardiovascular system: heart

Structures	atria (interatrial septum, musculi pectinati) • ventricles (interventricular septum, trabeculae carneae, chordae tendinae, papillary muscle) • valves • cusps

Regions	base • apex • grooves (coronary/atrioventricular, interatrial, anterior interventricula, posterior interventricular) • surfaces (sternocostal, diaphragmatic) • borders (right, left)

Right heart	(vena cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of the inferior vena cava, valve of the coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (conus arteriosus, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula) → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)

Left heart	(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)

Layers	pericardium: fibrous pericardium • serous pericardium (pericardial cavity, epicardium/visceral layer) • pericardial sinus myocardium • endocardium • cardiac skeleton (fibrous trigone, fibrous rings)

Conduction system	Cardiac pacemaker • SA node • AV node• bundle of His • Purkinje fibers

v • d • e

List of arteries of head and neck

CC/EC

sup. thyroid	superior laryngeal - sternocleidomastoid branch - infrahyoid branch - cricothyroid branch - glandular branches

asc. pharyngeal	posterior meningeal - pharyngeal branches - inferior tympanic

lingual	suprahyoid - dorsal lingual - deep lingual - sublingual

facial	cervical branches (ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular) - facial branches (inferior labial, superior labial/nasal septum, lateral nasal, angular)

occipital	sternocleidomastoid - meningeal - occipital - auricular - descending

post. auricular	stylomastoid - stapedial - auricular - occipital

sup. temporal	transverse facial - middle temporal (zygomatico-orbital) - anterior auricular - frontal - parietal

maxillary	1st part/mandibular: anterior tympanic - deep auricular - middle meningeal (superior tympanic, petrosal) - accessory meningeal - inferior alveolar (mental, mylohyoid) 2nd part/pterygoid: to muscles of mastication (deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric) - buccal 3rd part/pterygopalatine: posterior superior alveolar - infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar) - descending palatine (greater palatine, lesser palatine) - artery of the pterygoid canal - sphenopalatine (posterior septal branches, posterior lateral nasal)

CC/IC

cervical	carotid sinus

petrous	Vidian - caroticotympanic

cavernous/ ophthalmic	orbital group: posterior ethmoidal - anterior ethmoidal (anterior septal, anterior lateral nasal, anterior meningeal) - lacrimal (lateral palpebral) - medial palpebral - terminal (supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal) ocular group: central retinal - ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior) - hypophysial (superior, inferior)

cerebral/Willis	ACA (anterior communicating) - MCA (anterolateral central, lenticulostriate) - posterior communicating - anterior choroidal

vertebral artery	meningeal - spinal (posterior, anterior) - cerebellar (PICA) basilar: pontine - labyrinthine - cerebellar (AICA, SCA) - cerebral (PCA)

thyrocervical trunk	inferior thyroid: inferior laryngeal - tracheal - esophageal - ascending cervical - pharyngeal - glandular branches transverse cervical: superficial branch - deep branch/dorsal scapular suprascapular: acromial branch

costocervical trunk	deep cervical

v • d • e List of arteries of upper limbs

Axillary	scapular anastomosis - 1st part superior thoracic - 2nd part thoracoacromial (deltoid branch) - lateral thoracic - 3rd part subscapular (circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal) - anterior humeral circumflex - posterior humeral circumflex

Brachial	profunda brachii (radial collateral, medial collateral) - ulnar collateral artery (superior, inferior)

Radial	forearm: radial recurrent wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: superficial palmar branch - princeps pollicis (radial of index finger)

Ulnar	forearm: ulnar recurrent (anterior, posterior) - common interosseous (anterior, posterior, recurrent) wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: deep palmar branch

Arches	dorsal carpal arch: dorsal metacarpal (dorsal digital) palmar carpal arch superficial palmar arch: common palmar digital (proper palmar digital) deep palmar arch: palmar metacarpal

v • d • e

List of arteries of torso - abdomen

AA:
Anterior

celiac	left gastric: esophageal branches splenic: pancreatic branches (greater, dorsal) – short gastric – left gastro-omental common hepatic: proper hepatic (cystic), right gastric, gastroduodenal (right gastro-omental, superior pancreaticoduodenal, supraduodenal)

SMA	inferior pancreaticoduodenal – intestinal (jejunal, ileal, arcades, vasa recta) – ileocolic (colic, anterior cecal, posterior cecal, ileal branch, appendicular) – right colic – middle colic

IMA	left colic – sigmoid – superior rectal – marginal

AA:
Posterior

visceral: middle suprarenal – renal (inferior suprarenal, ureteral) – gonadal (testicular ♂/ovarian ♀)
parietal: inferior phrenic (superior suprarenal) – lumbar – median sacral
terminal: common iliac (IIA, EIA)

IIA:
Anterior

umbilical (superior vesical, to ductus deferens) – middle rectal – obturator (anterior branch, posterior branch) – inferior gluteal (accompanying of ischiadic nerve, crucial anastomosis)

uterine ♀ (helicine, vaginal of uterine, ovarian of uterine, tubal of uterine) – vaginal ♀/inferior vesical ♂

internal pudendal: inferior rectal – perineal (urethral) – posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀ – bulb of penis ♂/vestibule ♀ – deep artery of the penis ♂ (helicine)/clitoris ♀ – dorsal of the penis ♂/clitoris ♀

IIA:
Posterior

iliolumbar (lumbar, iliac) – lateral sacral – superior gluteal

EIA

inferior epigastric (cremasteric, round ligament) – deep circumflex iliac – femoral

v • d • e List of arteries of lower limbs

EI: Femoral	superficial epigastric - superficial iliac circumflex external pudendal: superficial - deep (anterior scrotal) profunda femoris: lateral circumflex femoral (descending, transverse, ascending) - medial circumflex femoral (ascending, superficial, deep, acetabular) - perforating descending genicular (saphenous branch, articular branches)

Popliteal	sural genicular: superior genicular (medial, lateral) - middle genicular - inferior genicular (medial, lateral)

Anterior tibial	tibial recurrent (posterior, anterior) anterior malleolar (medial, lateral) dorsalis pedis: tarsal (medial, lateral)

Posterior tibial	circumflex fibular - fibular medial plantar - lateral plantar

Arches	arcuate: dorsal metatarsal/first dorsal metatarsal - deep plantar - dorsal digital arteries plantar arch: plantar metatarsal - common plantar digital - proper plantar digital

v • d • e

Veins (emissary, jugular and others) and sinuses of head and neck (drainage patterns can vary)

to external jugular

retromandibular: maxillary • superficial temporal (anterior auricular)

posterior auricular

transverse cervical - suprascapular - anterior jugular (jugular venous arch)

to internal jugular

Diploic/brain	cerebral: superior • middle • inferior • great • internal (basal, superior thalamostriate) cerebellar: superior • inferior To COS: superior sagittal • straight (inferior sagittal) • occipital To CS: sphenoparietal • intercavernous superior ophthalmic (ethmoidal, central retinal, nasofrontal) • inferior ophthalmic • vorticose veins To IJV: sigmoid: transverse (petrosquamous) • superior petrosal inferior petrosal (basilar plexus, internal auditory veins) - condylar

Other	common facial • facial (frontal, supraorbital, angular, superior labial, inferior labial, deep facial) • pterygoid plexus lingual (dorsal lingual, deep lingual, sublingual) • pharyngeal • thyroid (superior/superior laryngeal, middle)

to vertebral vein

occipital (occipital) • suboccipital venous plexus
deep cervical

to brachiocephalic

inferior thyroid (inferior laryngeal) - thymic

v • d • e Veins of upper limbs

superficial - hand/forearm	Dorsal digital • Dorsal metacarpal • Dorsal network • Palmar digital • Intercapitular

superficial - arm	Cephalic • Median cubital • Accessory cephalic • Basilic • Median antebrachial

deep - hand/forearm	Palmar metacarpal • Superficial palmar arch • Deep palmar arch

deep - arm	Radial • Ulnar • Brachial • Axillary

v • d • e Veins of the torso

Coronary	coronary sinus (great cardiac, left marginal, small cardiac, middle cardiac, posterior of the left ventricle, oblique of the left atrium) • anterior cardiac (right marginal) • pulmonary

Thorax/ SVC	brachiocephalic: internal thoracic (anterior intercostal, superior epigastric) - left superior intercostal - supreme - vertebral - subclavian (axillary: lateral thoracic, thoracoepigastric, dorsal scapular) - pericardiacophrenic azygos: right superior intercostal - bronchial - intercostal/posterior intercostal 5-11 - accessory hemiazygos/hemiazygos - superior phrenic

Vertebral column	vertebral venous plexuses (external, internal) • spinal (posterior, anterior) • basivertebral • intervertebral

Abdomen/ IVC	to IVC (some to renal vein on left): inferior phrenic - hepatic - suprarenal - renal - gonadal (ovarian ♀/testicular ♂, pampiniform plexus ♂) - lumbar - common iliac to azygos system: ascending lumbar (subcostal)

Pelvis/common iliac	median sacral vein external iliac: inferior epigastric - deep circumflex iliac vein internal iliac - posterior: iliolumbar - superior gluteal - lateral sacral internal iliac - anterior: inferior gluteal - obturator - uterine ♀ (uterine plexus ♀) - vesical (vesical plexus, prostatic plexus ♂, deep of penis ♂/clitoris ♀, posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀) - vaginal plexus/vein ♀ - middle rectal - internal pudendal (inferior rectal, bulb of penis ♂/vestibule ♀) - rectal plexus

Portal system/ portal vein	splenic: short gastric - left gastroepiploic - pancreatic - inferior mesenteric (superior rectal, left colic) superior mesenteric: right gastroepiploic - pancreaticoduodenal - jejunal - ileal - middle colic - right colic - ileocolic (appendicular) direct (cystic, left gastric/esophageal, right gastric, paraumbilical)

fetal	ductus venosus • umbilical

v • d • e Veins of lower limbs

thigh	femoral • profunda femoris • popliteal

deep leg	fibular • anterior tibial • posterior tibial

superficial leg	small saphenous • great saphenous (external pudendal, superficial of penis ♂/clitoris ♀)

foot	dorsal arch • dorsal metatarsal • dorsal digital • plantar arch • plantar metatarsal • common digital • plantar digital

v • d • e Nervous system

Central nervous system	Brain • Spinal cord

Autonomic nervous system	Sympathetic • Parasympathetic

Other	Peripheral nervous system • Somatic nervous system • Enteric nervous system • Sensory system

v • d • e

Brain: rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Metencephalon/
pons

Dorsal/ (tegmentum)	surface: Locus ceruleus Trigeminal lemniscus (Dorsal trigeminal tract, Ventral trigeminal tract) cranial nuclei: GSA: Principal V/Spinal V - VIII-c (Dorsal, Anterior)/VIII-v (Lateral, Superior, Medial, Inferior) - SVE: Motor V - VII - GSE: VI - GVE: VII: Superior salivary nucleus MLF, III, IV and VI (vestibulo-oculomotor fibers, medial vestibulospinal tract) sensory/ascending: Trapezoid body/VIII - Superior olivary nucleus Inferior cerebellar peduncle (Vestibulocerebellar tract) motor/descending: Apneustic center • Pneumotaxic center (Medial parabrachial nucleus) - Lateral parabrachial nucleus

Ventral/ (base)	Middle cerebellar peduncles (Pontocerebellar fibers) - Pontine nuclei motor/descending: Corticospinal tract - Corticobulbar tract - Corticopontine fibers

Raphe/reticular	Reticular formation (Caudal, Oral, Tegmental, Paramedian) • Raphe nuclei (Median)

Myelencephalon/
medulla

Dorsal	surface: Posterior median sulcus - Postero-lateral sulcus - Area postrema cranial nuclei: GVA: VII,IX,X: Solitary/tract • SVA: Gustatory nucleus • GSE: XII • GVE: IX,X,XI: Ambiguus • SVE: X: Dorsal • IX: Inferior salivatory nucleus - MLF, III, IV and VI sensory/ascending: Gracile nucleus • Cuneate nucleus (Accessory cuneate nucleus) • Sensory decussation • Medial lemniscus motor/descending: Dorsal respiratory group

Ventral	motor/descending: Ventral respiratory group - Pyramid (Motor decussation) - Inferior olivary nucleus (Olivocerebellar tract, Rubro-olivary tract) surface: Anterior median fissure - Antero-lateral sulcus - Arcuate nucleus of medulla - Olivary body

Raphe/reticular	Reticular formation (Gigantocellular, Parvocellular, Ventral, Lateral, Paramedian) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus)

v • d • e

Brain: mesencephalon (midbrain)

Tectum (Dorsal)

Corpora quadrigemina: Inferior colliculi (Brachium of inferior colliculus), Superior colliculi (Brachium of superior colliculus)
Subcommissural organ • Pretectum

Peduncle (Ventral)

v • d • e Brain: diencephalon

Epithalamus	Pineal body • Habenula (Habenular nuclei) • Stria medullaris • Habenular trigone • Habenular commissure

Thalamus/nuclei	paired: AN • Ventral (VA/VL, VP/VPM/VPL) • Lateral (Pulvinar) • Metathalamus (MG, LG) midline: MD • Intralaminar (Centromedian) • Midline nuclear group • Interthalamic adhesion • Medullary laminae surface: reticular tracts to thalamus: Mammillothalamic tract • Thalamic fasciculus • Lenticular fasciculus • Ansa lenticularis • Medial lemniscus • Trigeminal lemniscus • Spinothalamic tract • Lateral lemniscus

Hypothalamus	autonomic zones: Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss) • Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation) endocrine - posterior pituitary: magnocellular/Paraventricular/Supraoptic (oxytocin/vasopressin) endocrine - other: parvocellular/Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH) • Preoptic (GnRH) • Suprachiasmatic (melatonin) emotion: Lateral (hunger) • Ventromedial (satiety) • Dorsomedial (rage) surface: Median eminence/Tuber cinereum • Mammillary body • Infundibulum tracts: Medial forebrain bundle Pituitary: (Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular)

Subthalamus	Subthalamic nucleus • Zona incerta

v • d • e Brain: telencephalon (cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres)

Frontal lobe	Precentral gyrus (Primary motor cortex, 4) Superior frontal gyrus/Frontal eye fields (6, 8, 9), Middle frontal gyrus (46), Inferior frontal gyrus/Broca's area (44-Pars opercularis, 45-Pars triangularis) Orbitofrontal cortex (10, 11, 12, 47) Prefrontal cortex, Premotor cortex Precentral sulcus - Superior frontal sulcus - Inferior frontal sulcus - Olfactory sulcus

Parietal lobe	Somatosensory cortex (Primary (1, 2, 3, 43), Secondary (5)), Precuneus (7m) - Parietal operculum Parietal lobules (Superior (7l), Inferior (40)), Angular gyrus (39) Intraparietal sulcus, Marginal sulcus

Occipital lobe	Primary visual cortex (17), (Cuneus, Lingual gyrus, Lateral occipital gyrus (18, 19)) Calcarine fissure

Temporal lobe	Primary auditory cortex (41, 42), Superior temporal gyrus (38, 22/Wernicke's area), Middle temporal gyrus (21), Inferior temporal gyrus (20) Fusiform gyrus (37) Medial temporal lobe (Amygdala, Parahippocampal gyrus (27, 28, 34, 35, 36)

Cingulate cortex/gyrus	Subgenual area (25), Anterior cingulate (24, 32, 33), Posterior cingulate (23, 31), Retrosplenial cortex (26, 29, 30) Callosal sulcus

Interlobar sulci/fissures	lateral: Central (frontal+parietal), Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal), Parietoöccipital medial: Medial longitudinal, Cingulate (frontal+cingulate), Collateral (temporal+occipital)

White matter tracts	Commissural fibers - Association fibers Internal capsule (Anterior limb, Genu, Posterior limb), Corona radiata, External capsule, Lamina terminalis, Extreme capsule, Semioval center Olfactory tract - Terminal stria - Diagonal band of Broca

Other	Insular cortex gray: Olfactory bulb, Anterior olfactory nucleus, Basal optic nucleus of Meynert, Substantia innominata, Anterior perforated substance Corpus striatum - Limbic lobe

Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.

v • d • e Human brain: Limbic system

Diencephalon	Hypothalamus · Mammillary body

Telencephalon: limbic lobe	Archicortex: Hippocampal formation (Hippocampus, Alveus of the hippocampus, Subiculum, Perforant path, Fimbria, Dentate gyrus) · Paraterminal gyrus · Supracallosal gyrus Cingulate gyrus · Parahippocampal gyrus · Uncus

Telencephalon: other	Amygdala · Nucleus accumbens · Orbitofrontal cortex septum: Septum pellucidum, Septal nuclei

v • d • e Nerves - autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system/ganglion/trunks and parasympathetic nervous system/ganglion)

Head/cranial	Ciliary ganglion: roots (Sensory, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic) - Short ciliary Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal - nerve of pterygoid canal branches of distribution: greater palatine (inferior posterior nasal branches) - lesser palatine - nasopalatine (medial superior posterior nasal branches) - pharyngeal Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion

Neck/cervical	paravertebral ganglia: Cervical ganglia (Superior, Middle, Inferior) - Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus: Cavernous plexus - Internal carotid

Chest/thorax	paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia prevertebral plexus: Cardiac plexus - Esophageal plexus - Pulmonary plexus - Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves: cardiopulmonary - thoracic cardiac nerves: Superior - Middle - Inferior

Abdomen/Lumbar	paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia prevertebral ganglia: Celiac ganglia (Aorticorenal) - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus: Celiac plexus - (Hepatic, Splenic, Pancreatic) - aorticorenal (Abdominal aortic plexus, Renal/Suprarenal) - Superior mesenteric (Gastric) - Inferior mesenteric (Spermatic, Ovarian) - Superior hypogastric (hypogastric nerve, Superior rectal) - Inferior hypogastric (Vesical, Prostatic/Cavernous nerves of penis, Uterovaginal, Middle rectal) splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus • Auerbach's plexus

Pelvis/sacral	paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia - Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves - Sacral splanchnic nerves

All	Rami communicans (White, Gray) - Preganglionic fibers - Postganglionic fibers

v • d • e

Nerves of head and neck: the cranial nerves and nuclei

olfactory (AON->I)

olfactory bulb - olfactory tract

optic (LGN->II)

optic chiasm - optic tract

oculomotor (ON,EWN->III)

superior branch (parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion/ciliary ganglion) - inferior branch

trochlear (TN->IV)

no significant branches

trigeminal (PSN,TSN,MN,TMN->V)

trigeminal ganglion • ophthalmic • maxillary • mandibular

abducens (AN->VI)

no significant branches

facial (FMN,SN,SSN->VII)

near origin	nervus intermedius • geniculate

inside facial canal	greater petrosal (pterygopalatine ganglion) - nerve to the stapedius - chorda tympani (lingual nerve, submandibular ganglion)

at stylomastoid foramen	posterior auricular - suprahyoid (digastric, stylohyoid) - parotid plexus (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical)

vestibulocochlear (VN,CN->VIII)

cochlear (striae medullares, lateral lemniscus) • vestibular (Scarpa's ganglion)

glossopharyngeal (NA,ISN,SN->IX)

before jugular fossa	ganglia (superior, inferior)

after jugular fossa	tympanic (tympanic plexus, lesser petrosal, otic ganglion) • stylopharyngeal branch • pharyngeal branches • tonsillar branches • lingual branches • carotid sinus

vagus (NA,DNVN,SN->X)

before jugular fossa	ganglia (superior, inferior)

after jugular fossa	meningeal branch - auricular branch

neck	pharyngeal branch (pharyngeal plexus) - superior laryngeal (external, internal) - recurrent laryngeal (inferior) - superior cervical cardiac

thorax	inferior cardiac - pulmonary - vagal trunks (anterior, posterior)

abdomen	celiac - renal - hepatic - anterior gastric - posterior gastric

accessory (NA,SAN->XI)

cranial - spinal

hypoglossal (HN->XII)

lingual branches

v • d • e

Anatomy of torso (primarily): the spinal cord

Spinal nerve

Dorsal (Root, Ganglion, Ramus) • Ventral (Root, Ramus) • Sympathetic trunk • rami communicantes (Gray, White)

Gray matter/Rexed laminae

Posterior horn (Posteromarginal nucleus, Column of Clarke, Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando, Nucleus proprius)

Lateral horn/Anterior horn (Intermediolateral nucleus)

Central canal/Substantia gelatinosa centralis - Gray commissure

White matter

somatic/ascending (blue)	Posterior/PCML: touch: Gracilis • Cuneatus Lateral: proprioception: Spinocerebellar (Dorsal, Ventral) • pain/temp: Spinothalamic (Lateral, Anterior) • Posterolateral (Lissauer) • Spinotectal

motor/descending (red)	Lateral: Corticospinal (Lateral) • Ep (Rubrospinal, Olivospinal) Anterior: Corticospinal (Anterior) • Ep (Vestibulospinal, Reticulospinal, Tectospinal)

Layers

Epidural space • Dura mater • Subdural space • Arachnoid mater • Subarachnoid space • Pia mater

Other structures

Denticulate ligaments • Conus medullaris • Cauda equina • Filum terminale • Cervical enlargement • Lumbar enlargement

Anterior median fissure • Posterior median sulcus

Anterior white commissure

v • d • e Nerves: spinal nerves

Cervical (8)	C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8 anterior (Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of cervical nerves, Suboccipital - C1, Greater occipital - C2, Third occipital - C3)

Thoracic (12)	T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12 anterior (Intercostal, Intercostobrachial - T2, Thoraco-abdominal nerves - T7-T11, Subcostal - T12) - posterior (Posterior branches of thoracic nerves)

Lumbar (5)	L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 anterior (Lumbar plexus, Lumbosacral trunk) - posterior (Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves, Superior cluneal L1-L3)

Sacral (5)	S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 anterior (Sacral plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of sacral nerves, Medial cluneal nerves)

Coccygeal (1)	anterior (Coccygeal plexus) - posterior (Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve)

v • d • e Nerves of head and neck: the cervical plexus (C1-C4)

superficial	C2-C3: Lesser occipital • Greater auricular • Transverse cervical C3-C4: Supraclavicular

deep	C1-C3: Ansa cervicalis (superior root, inferior root) C3-C5: Phrenic

v • d • e Nerves of upper limbs (primarily): the brachial plexus (C5-T1)

Supraclavicular	root (dorsal scapular, long thoracic) - upper trunk (suprascapular, to the subclavius)

Infraclavicular: lateral cord	lateral pectoral musculocutaneous (lateral cutaneous of forearm) median/lateral root: anterior interosseous - palmar - recurrent - common palmar digital (proper palmar digital)

Infraclavicular: medial cord	medial pectoral cutaneous: medial cutaneous of forearm • medial cutaneous of arm ulnar: muscular - palmar - dorsal (dorsal digital nerves) - superficial (common palmar digital, proper palmar digital) - deep median/medial root: see above

Infraclavicular: posterior cord	subscapular (upper, lower) • thoracodorsal axillary (superior lateral cutaneous of arm) radial: muscular - cutaneous (posterior of arm, inferior lateral of arm, posterior of forearm) - superficial (dorsal digital nerves) - deep (posterior interosseous)

Other	cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs

v • d • e

Nerves of lower limbs and lower torso: the lumbosacral plexus (L1-Co)

lumbar plexus (L1-L4)

iliohypogastric: lateral cutaneous branch - anterior cutaneous branch

ilioinguinal: anterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀

genitofemoral: femoral branch/lumboinguinal - genital branch

lateral cutaneous of thigh: patellar

obturator: anterior (cutaneous) - posterior - accessory

femoral: anterior cutaneous branches - saphenous (infrapatellar, medial crural cutaneous)

sacral plexus (L4-S4)

coccygeal plexus (S4-Co)

pudendal: inferior anal - perineal (deep, posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀) - dorsal of the penis ♂/clitoris ♀
anococcygeal

cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs

v • d • e Nervous system: Sensory systems / sense

Special senses	Visual system – visual perception • Auditory system – hearing • Chemoreception (Olfactory system – olfaction • Gustatory system – taste)

Somatosensory system	Nociception • Thermoreception • Vestibular system • Mechanoreception (pressure, vibration, proprioception)

Other	Sensory receptor

v • d • e Sensory system – Visual system and eye movement

Vision	Retina → Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → Optic tract → Lateral geniculate nucleus → Optic radiation → Visual cortex (Cuneus, Lingual gyrus) → Blobs

Tracking	Smooth pursuit: Parietal lobe - Occipital lobe Saccade: Frontal eye fields Physiologic nystagmus

Horizontal gaze	Abducens nucleus → PPRF → MLF → Oculomotor nucleus → Medial rectus muscle

Vertical gaze	Rostral interstitial nucleus → Oculomotor nucleus, Trochlear nucleus → Muscles of orbit

Pupillary dilation	Ciliospinal center → Superior cervical ganglion → Long ciliary nerves → Iris dilator muscle

Pupillary light reflex (constriction)	Retina → Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → Optic tract → Pretectum → Edinger-Westphal nucleus → Oculomotor nerve → Ciliary ganglion → Short ciliary nerves → Iris sphincter muscle

Accommodation	Retina → Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → Optic tract → Visual cortex → Brodmann area 19 → Pretectum → Edinger-Westphal nucleus → Short ciliary nerves → Ciliary ganglion → Ciliary muscle

Vestibulo-ocular reflex	Semicircular canal → Vestibulocochlear nerve → Vestibular nuclei → Medial rectus muscle

Circadian rhythm	Retina → Hypothalamus (Suprachiasmatic nucleus)

v • d • e Sensory system – Visual system – Eye

Fibrous tunic (outer)	Conjunctiva • Sclera • Schlemm's canal • Trabecular meshwork • Limbus Cornea (Epithelium, Bowman's, Stroma, Descemet's, Endothelium)

Uvea (middle)	Choroid (Ciliary processes, Choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane) • Iris (Stroma) • Pupil • Ciliary body

Retina (inner)	Macula • Fovea • Optic disc • Tapetum lucidum

Anterior segment	Anterior chamber • Aqueous humour • Posterior chamber • Lens

Posterior segment	Vitreous humour • Zonule of Zinn

Intraocular muscles	parasympathetic (Ciliary muscle, Iris sphincter muscle) • sympathetic (Iris dilator muscle)

Appearance phenomena of the eye	Eyeshine • Leukocoria • Red-eye effect • Red reflex

Appearance phenomena by the eye	Color appearance (Abney effect • Bezold-Brücke shift • Chromatic adaptation • Purkinje effect)

v • d • e Sensory system: Olfactory system / Olfaction

Path	Olfactory epithelium / Olfactory mucosa / Olfactory receptor neurons → Olfactory nerve → Olfactory bulb (Mitral cells, Glomeruli) Olfactory tract → Piriform cortex → Entorhinal cortex → Amygdala → Brodmann area 34

Other	Rhinencephalon – Olfactory trigone

v • d • e Sensory system: Auditory and Vestibular systems

Outer ear	Pinna (Helix, Antihelix, Tragus, Antitragus, Earlobe) • Ear canal

Middle ear	Eardrum (Umbo) • Ossicles (Malleus, Incus & Stapes) • muscles (Stapedius, Tensor tympani) • Eustachian tube (Torus tubarius)

Inner ear/Labyrinth	Bony labyrinth (Vestibule) • Membranous labyrinth Oval window → Scala vestibuli / Reissner's/vestibular membrane, Helicotrema and Scala tympani / Basilar membrane (Perilymph) → Round window Cochlea: Modiolus • Cochlear duct / scala media (Endolymph, Stria vascularis, Spiral ligament, Organ of Corti), Olivocochlear system Organ of Corti: Stereocilia • Sulcus spiralis (externus, internus) • Limbus spiralis

to brain (auditory)	Tectorial membrane → Hair cells → Spiral ganglion → Cochlear nerve ^VIII → Cochlear nuclei → Trapezoid body → Superior olivary nuclei → Lateral lemniscus → Inferior colliculi → Medial geniculate nuclei → Auditory radiations → Primary auditory cortex

Vestibular system	Static/translations: Utricle (Macula) – Saccule (Macula, Endolymphatic sac, Endolymphatic duct) – Kinocilium – Otolith Kinetic/rotations: Semicircular canals (Superior, Posterior, Horizontal) • Cupula • Ampullae (Crista ampullaris)

to brain (vestibular)	Vestibular nerve ^VIII → Vestibular nuclei, Flocculonodular lobe Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract, Ventral posterolateral nucleus → Vestibular cortex

v • d • e Sensory system: Gustatory system

Tongue	Taste bud (Circumvallate papillae, Filiform papilla, Fungiform papilla) • Foliate papillae

Path	CN (VII, IX, X) → Solitary nucleus (Gustatory nucleus) → Central tegmental tract → Ventral posteromedial nucleus → Gustatory cortex

Other	Basic tastes

v • d • e Nervous system, receptors: somatosensory system

Medial lemniscus	Touch/mechanoreceptors: Pacinian corpuscles – vibration • Meissner's corpuscles – light touch • Merkel's discs – pressure • Ruffini endings • Free nerve endings – pain • Hair cells • Baroreceptor Proprioception: Golgi organ – tension/length • Muscle spindle – velocity of change (Intrafusal muscle fiber • Nuclear chain fiber • Nuclear bag fiber)

Spinothalamic tract	Pain: Nociception and Nociceptors Temperature: Thermoreceptors

v • d • e Immune system: Lymphatic system (Lymph, Lymphocytes)

Primary	Bone marrow – Thymus (Hassall's corpuscles)

Secondary: Spleen (blood)	Hilum – Trabeculae Red pulp (Cords of Billroth, Marginal zone) White pulp (Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, Germinal center) Trabecular arteries – Trabecular veins

Secondary: Lymph nodes (extracellular fluid)	Subcapsular sinus – Paracortex – Lymph vessels – High endothelial venules – Germinal center

Secondary: MALT (mucosa)	GALT – Peyer's patches – Germinal center

v • d • e

Lymphatics of head and neck

Head

Posterior	Occipital - Mastoid/retroauricular Parotid: Superficial - Deep (Preauricular, Infra-auricular, Intraglandular)

Anterior	Facial (Buccinator, Nasolabial) - Mandibular Submandibular - Submental

Neck/Cervical

Superficial cervical: Superficial anterior cervical - Superficial lateral cervical

Deep cervical: Deep anterior cervical (Pretracheal, Paratracheal, Prelaryngeal, Thyroid) - Deep lateral cervical (Superior deep cervical, Inferior deep cervical, Retropharyngeal, Jugulodigastric, Jugulo-omohyoid)

Anterior cervical - Lateral cervical

Supraclavicular (Virchow's)
Jugular trunk

Tonsils/Waldeyer's tonsillar ring

Palatine - Lingual - Pharyngeal - Tubal

v • d • e Lymphatics of upper limbs

Axillary	brachial - pectoral axillary - subscapular axillary - central - apical subclavian trunk

Other	supratrochlear - deltopectoral

v • d • e Lymphatics of torso

Chest	Right lymphatic duct - Thoracic duct (spans diaphragm) Bronchomediastinal trunk (Tracheobronchial, Parasternal) - Intercostal

Abdomen	Cisterna chyli Lumbar trunk - lumbar/paraaortic: Retroaortic - Lateral aortic - iliac: Common (External, Internal, Sacral) Intestinal trunk - preaortic: Celiac (Gastric, Hepatic, Splenic) - Superior mesenteric (Mesenteric, Ileocolic, Mesocolic) - Inferior mesenteric (Pararectal)

v • d • e Lymphatics of lower limbs

Inguinal	Deep inguinal - Superficial inguinal

Other	Popliteal

v • d • e Anatomy: respiratory system

Upper respiratory tract	Nose • Nasal cavity • Pharynx • Larynx

Lower respiratory tract	Trachea • Lungs (Bronchi, Alveoli, Conducting zone, Respiratory zone)

v • d • e Anatomy of torso, respiratory system: Lungs and related structures

lungs	right • left • lingula • apex • base • root • cardiac notch • cardiac impression • hilum • borders (anterior, posterior, inferior) • surfaces (costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic) • fissures (oblique, horizontal)

conducting zone	trachea (tracheal rings, carina) • bronchi • main bronchus (right, left) • lobar/secondary bronchi (eparterial bronchus) • segmental/tertiary bronchi (bronchopulmonary segment) • bronchiole • terminal bronchiole

respiratory zone	respiratory bronchiole • alveolar duct • alveolus • alveolar-capillary barrier

pleurae	parietal pleura (cervical, costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic) • visceral pleura • pulmonary ligament • recesses (costomediastinal, costodiaphragmatic) • pleural cavity

v • d • e Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract

Upper GI: to stomach	Mouth • Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx) • Esophagus • Crop

Upper GI: stomach	rugae – gastric pits – cardia/gland – fundus/gland – pylorus/gland – pyloric antrum – pyloric canal – greater curvature – lesser curvature – angular incisure

Lower GI: intestines	Small intestine: Duodenum (Suspensory muscle, Major duodenal papilla, Minor duodenal papilla) • Duodenojejunal flexure • Jejunum • Ileum • continuous (intestinal villus, crypts of Lieberkühn, circular folds) Junction: Vermiform appendix • Ileocecal valve Large intestine: Cecum • Colon (ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon) • continuous (taenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendix)

Lower GI: termination	Rectum: Houston valve • rectal ampulla • pectinate line Anal canal: anal valves • anal sinuses • anal columns • Hilton's white line Anus: Sphincter ani internus muscle • Sphincter ani externus muscle

Lower GI: lymph	GALT: Peyer's patches (M cells)

v • d • e Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Digestive glands

Liver	by region: Left lobe (Caudate lobe, Quadrate lobe) • Right lobe • Transverse fissure of liver by function: Fibrous capsule of Glisson • Hepatocyte • Space of Disse • Space of Mall • Kupffer cell • Liver sinusoid • Ito cell • Hepatic lobule bile ducts: Bile canaliculus • Canals of Hering • Interlobular bile ducts • Intrahepatic bile ducts • Left and Right hepatic ducts • Common hepatic duct

Gallbladder	by region: Body • Fundus • Neck ducts: Cystic duct

Pancreas	by region: Tail • Body • Head • Uncinate process by function: Islets of Langerhans • Exocrine pancreas ducts: Pancreatic duct • Accessory pancreatic duct

Common	Common bile duct • Hepatopancreatic ampulla • Sphincter of Oddi

v • d • e Anatomy: urinary system

Abdomen	Kidneys • Ureters • Orifice of ureter

Pelvis	Urinary bladder (Uvula, Trigone, Detrusor, Apex, Neck) Urethral sphincters (External sphincter muscle of male urethra, External sphincter muscle of female urethra, Internal sphincter muscle of urethra) Urethra

Development	Development of the urinary and reproductive organs

v • d • e Urinary system – Kidney

Layers	Renal fascia • Renal capsule • Renal cortex (Renal column) • Renal medulla (Renal sinus, Renal pyramids, medullary interstitium) • Renal lobe • Cortical lobule • Medullary ray • Nephron

Afferent circulation	Renal artery → Segmental arteries → Interlobar arteries → Arcuate arteries → Cortical radial arteries → Afferent arterioles → Renal corpuscle (Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule)

Renal tubule	Proximal tubule → Loop of Henle (Descending, Thin ascending, Thick ascending) → Distal convoluted tubule → Connecting tubule → Collecting ducts → Duct of Bellini → Renal papilla → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter

Efferent circulation	Glomerulus → Efferent arterioles → Peritubular capillaries / Vasa recta → Arcuate vein → Interlobar veins → Renal vein

Juxtaglomerular apparatus	Macula densa • Juxtaglomerular cells • Extraglomerular mesangial cell

Filtration	Glomerular basement membrane • Podocyte • Filtration slits • Intraglomerular mesangial cell • Tubular fluid

Renal physiology	Acid base physiology • Fluid balance

v • d • e Male reproductive system

Scrotum	layers (skin, Dartos, External spermatic fascia, Cremaster/Cremasteric fascia, Internal spermatic fascia) • Perineal raphe • Spermatic cord

Testes	layers (Tunica vaginalis, Tunica albuginea, Tunica vasculosa testis) • Appendix • Mediastinum • Lobules • Septa • Leydig cell • Sertoli cell • Blood-testis barrier

Spermatogenesis	Spermatogonium • Spermatocytogenesis • Spermatocyte • Spermatidogenesis • Spermatid • Spermiogenesis • Spermatozoon

seminal tract	Seminiferous tubules (Tubuli seminiferi recti, Rete testis, Efferent ducts) • Epididymis (Appendix, Stereocilia) • Vas deferens (Ampulla) • Ejaculatory duct

urinary tract	Internal urethral orifice • Urethra (Prostatic, Intermediate, Spongy, Navicular fossa) • External urethral orifice

accessory glands	Seminal vesicles (Excretory duct of seminal gland) • Prostate (Urethral crest/Seminal colliculus/Prostatic utricle/Ejaculatory duct, Prostatic sinus/Prostatic ducts) • Bulbourethral glands

Penis	root (Crus, Bulb, Fundiform ligament, Suspensory ligament) • body (Corpus cavernosum, Corpus spongiosum) • glans (Foreskin, Frenulum, Corona) • fascia (superficial/subcutaneous, deep/Buck's) • Tunica albuginea - Septum of the penis

v • d • e Female reproductive system

Follicles/Folliculogenesis	corpus (hemorrhagicum, luteum, albicans) • Theca folliculi (externa, interna) • Follicular antrum (Follicular fluid) • Corona radiata • Zona pellucida • Membrana granulosa (Granulosa cells)

Ovaries/Oogenesis	Germinal epithelium • Tunica albuginea • cortex (Cumulus oophorus, Stroma) • Medulla

Fallopian tubes	Isthmus • Ampulla • Infundibulum • Fimbria

Ligaments	Broad (components: Mesovarium, Mesosalpinx, Mesometrium contents: Round of uterus, Proper of ovary) • Suspensory of ovary • Cardinal

Uterus	cervix/neck (External orifice - Canal of the cervix, Internal orifice) • corpus/body (Cavity of the body, Fundus) • layers (Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium) • Uterine horns

Vulva/mons pubis	Labium: commissures (Anterior • Posterior) • Frenulum labiorum pudendi • Labia majora • Cleft of venus • Labia minora • Vulval vestibule • interlabial sulci Clitoris: Vestibular bulbs • Clitoral crura • Corpus cavernosa • Clitoral glans (Frenulum, Hood) Vagina: vestibular glands/ducts (Bartholin's glands/Bartholin's ducts, Skene's glands/Skene's ducts) • Fossa of vestibule of vagina • Vaginal fornix • Hymen • Orifice

Vestiges	Wolffian (Gartner's duct, Epoophoron, Paroöphoron) • Canal of Nuck

Other	G-spot • Urethral sponge

v • d • e

Human anatomy, endocrine system: endocrine glands

Hypothalamic/
pituitary axes

Adrenal axis	Adrenal gland

Thyroid axis	Thyroid gland (Parafollicular cell, Thyroid epithelial cell, Thyroid isthmus, Lobes of thyroid gland, Pyramid of thyroid) Parathyroid gland (Oxyphil cell, Chief cell)

Gonadal axis	Testes – Ovaries – Corpus luteum

Other

Pineal gland • Islets of pancreas

v • d • e Immune system / Immunology

Systems	Adaptive immune system vs. Innate immune system • Humoral immune system vs. Cellular immune system • Complement system (Anaphylatoxins) • Intrinsic immune system

Antibodies and antigens	Antibody (Monoclonal antibodies, Polyclonal antibodies, Autoantibody) • Allotype • Isotype • Idiotype • Antigen (Superantigen) • Polyclonal response

Immune cells	White blood cells (T cell, B cell, NK cell, Mast cell, Basophil, Eosinophil) • Phagocyte (Neutrophil, Macrophage, Dendritic cell) • Antigen-presenting cell • Reticuloendothelial system

Immunity vs. tolerance	Immunity • Autoimmunity • Allergy • Tolerance (Central) • Immunodeficiency

Immunogenetics	Somatic hypermutation • V(D)J recombination • Immunoglobulin class switching • MHC/HLA

Substances	Cytokines • Opsonin • Cytolysin

Other	Inflammation • Epitope (Hapten) • Cross-reactivity • Diagnostic immunology

v • d • e

Integumentary system

Skin layers

cutis: Epidermis (Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum germinativum/basale) • Dermis
Subcutaneous tissue

Skin appendages

glands:	Sweat glands (Eccrine, Apocrine) • Sebaceous glands

hair:	Root of the hair • Hair follicle • Root sheath (Huxley's layer, Henle's layer)

nails:	Eponychium • Lunula

nonhuman:	Scale • Feather

v • d • e Anatomy: meninges of the brain and medulla spinalis

Layers	Dura mater (Falx cerebri, Tentorium cerebelli, Falx cerebelli, Diaphragma sellae) Arachnoid mater (Arachnoid granulation) Pia mater

Spaces	Epidural space - Subdural space - Subarachnoid space (Cerebrospinal fluid)

Subarachnoid cisterns	Cisterna magna - Pontine cistern - Interpeduncular cistern - Chiasmatic - Lateral cerebral fossa - Of great cerebral vein

v • d • e

General anatomy of head and neck - head

Face/Occiput

Forehead • Eye (Orbit/Periorbita, Trochlea) • Ear • Temple • Cheek • Chin • Scalp

Nose

External nose	Nostril • Nasal septum • cartilages (of the septum, Greater alar, Lesser alar, Lateral nasal, Accessory nasal, Vomeronasal) • Olfactory glands

Nasal cavity	Nasal concha • Sphenoethmoidal recess • Ethmoid bulla • Semilunar hiatus • Maxillary hiatus • Inferior meatus • Vomeronasal organ • Paranasal sinuses

Naso-pharynx	Choana - Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube (Salpingopharyngeal fold, Salpingopalatine fold, Torus tubarius) - Pharyngeal tonsil - Pharyngeal recess

Mouth/oral cavity

Palate/roof of mouth	Hard palate • Soft palate • Palatine raphe • Incisive papilla

Tongue	dorsum (Taste bud, Median sulcus, Terminal sulcus, Foramen cecum, Lingual tonsils) • opposite dorsum (Frenulum, Plica fimbriata, Sublingual caruncle) • Anterior • Posterior • Glossoepiglottic folds

Teeth	Permanent (Incisor, Canine, Premolar, Molar) • Deciduous

Oro-pharynx	arches/fauces (Palatoglossal, Palatopharyngeal) • Oropharyngeal isthmus • Palatine tonsil • Uvula

Salivary glands	Parotid gland/Parotid duct • Submandibular gland/Submandibular duct • Sublingual gland/Major sublingual duct

Other	Lip (Upper, Lower) • Philtrum • Pterygomandibular raphe • Vestibule of mouth

Fascia

Masseteric fascia - Temporal fascia - Galea aponeurotica

v • d • e General anatomy of upper limbs

Arm	Axilla • Axillary sheath • axillary folds (Anterior, Posterior) spaces (Quadrangular space, Triangular space, Triangular interval) • Clavipectoral triangle compartment of arm (Posterior, Anterior) fascia (Axillary, Brachial) - intermuscular septa (Lateral, Medial)

Forearm	Cubital fossa (Bicipital aponeurosis) • Cubital tunnel • common tendons (Extensor, Flexor) • Interosseous membrane of the forearm compartment of forearm (Posterior, Anterior) fascia (Antebrachial fascia)

Hand	posterior: Extensor retinaculum • Extensor expansion • Vincula tendina • Anatomical snuff box anterior: Flexor retinaculum • Carpal tunnel • Palmar aponeurosis • Ulnar canal • Synovial sheath (Common synovial sheath for the flexor tendons) Finger

v • d • e General anatomy of torso

Thorax/ Thoracic cavity	Mediastinum (Superior, Anterior, Middle, Posterior) • Superior thoracic aperture • Inferior thoracic aperture • Triangle of auscultation • Intercostal space • Thoracic plane • Thoracic wall/Thoracic cage - fascia (Pectoral fascia, Clavipectoral fascia, Thoracolumbar fascia) • Chest • Midsternal line

Thoracic diaphragm	openings (Caval opening, Esophageal hiatus, Aortic hiatus, Foramina of Morgagni) • Central tendon • Crus of diaphragm • arcuate ligaments (Lateral, Medial, Median)

Abdomen/ Abdominal cavity	Retroperitoneum • Paracolic gutters • Hepatobiliary triangle anterior abdominal wall (Arcuate line, Linea alba, Tendinous intersection, Linea semilunaris, McBurney's point, Traube's space, Inguinal triangle) • Inguinal canal (Deep inguinal ring, Superficial inguinal ring, Intercrural fibers, Crura of superficial inguinal ring) • Lumbar triangle • regions (Epigastrium, Hypochondrium, Umbilical region, Latus, Hypogastrium, Inguinal region) • planes (Transpyloric plane, Intertubercular plane, Midclavicular line) fascia (Fascia of Camper, Fascia of Scarpa, Transversalis fascia, Renal fascia, Rectus sheath)

Pelvis/ Pelvic cavity	Pelvic floor • Retropubic space fascia (Pelvic fascia, Superior fascia of diaphragm of pelvis, Inferior fascia of diaphragm of pelvis, Fascia of the Obturator internus, Tendinous arch, Iliac fascia, Iliopectineal fascia)

Perineum	Anal triangle (Ischioanal fossa, Pudendal canal, Anococcygeal raphe) Urogenital triangle (Superficial perineal pouch, Deep perineal pouch) Perineal body fascia (Dartos/fascia of perineum/superficial perineal fascia/Fascia of Colles, Perineal membrane/"Inferior fascia of UGD", "Superior fascia of UGD")

v • d • e General anatomy of lower limbs

Buttocks	Gluteal sulcus - Gluteal cleft

Thigh	Fascial compartments of thigh (Anterior, Medial, Posterior) Inguinal ligament • Pectineal ligament • Lacunar ligament • Reflected inguinal ligament • Conjoint tendon • Interfoveolar ligament Obturator membrane/Obturator canal Femoral triangle • Femoral sheath (Femoral canal) • Femoral ring Adductor canal • Adductor hiatus fascia/fascia lata (Iliotibial tract, Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh, Medial intermuscular septum of thigh, Fascia cribrosa/Saphenous opening)

Crus (anatomic leg)	Popliteal fossa • Calf • Shin • Pes anserinus • Interosseous membrane of the leg Fascial compartments of leg (Anterior, Lateral, Posterior) fascia/crural fascia (Anterior crural intermuscular septum, Posterior crural intermuscular septum, Transverse intermuscular septum)

Foot	Heel • Toe (Hallux, Fifth toe) • Sole • Achilles tendon • Tarsal tunnel fascia (Plantar fascia) retinacula (Peroneal, Inferior extensor, Superior extensor, Flexor)

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