Father Damien

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Blessed Damien of Molokai
Father Damien was a Roman Catholic missionary who helped lepers on the Hawaiian island of Molokaʻi and also died of the disease.
The Leper Priest
Born 3 January 1840(1840-01-03), Tremelo, Belgium
Died 15 April 1889 (aged 49), Kalaupapa, Molokai, Hawaii
Venerated in Catholic Church, Anglican Church
Beatified 1995, Rome by John Paul II
Major shrine Leuven, Belgium (bodily relics); Maui, Hawaii (relics of his hand)
Feast May 10 (universal); April 15 (in Hawaii)
Attributes leprosy
Patronage people with leprosy, outcasts, those with HIV/AIDS, the State of Hawaii.
Saints Portal

Father Damien (January 3, 1840 – April 15, 1889), born Jozef De Veuster and aka Blessed Damien of Molokai, was a Roman Catholic priest from Belgium and member of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, a missionary religious order.

Damien is known for love and ministering to people with what was then widely known as leprosy, forced by government-sanctioned medical quarantine, living on the island of Molokai in the Kingdom of Hawaii.[1] In the Roman Catholic and Anglican traditions, as well as other denominations of Christianity, Damien is considered the spiritual patron for Hansen's Disease, HIV and AIDS patients as well as outcasts. As the patron saint of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu and of Hawaii, Father Damien Day is celebrated statewide on April 15. Upon his beatification towards canonization and sainthood by Pope John Paul II in 1995, Damien was given a memorial feast day, celebrated on May 10 on the church calendar and was conferred the official title of Blessed Damien of Molokai.

Several memorials have been made to Damien worldwide. The Father Damien Statue honors the priest in bronze at the United States Capitol while a full size replica stands in front of the Hawaii State Capitol. In 2005, Damien was honored with the title of De Grootste Belg, chosen as The Greatest Belgian throughout Belgian history in polling conducted by the Flemish public broadcasting service, VRT.[2]

In both ecumenical religious and non-sectarian communities, Damien is being adopted as the symbol of how society should treat HIV/AIDS patients in defiance of the misconceptions of the disease, much like leprosy treatment was an outgrowth of misconceptions. Several Damien Centers have been established worldwide to serve people diagnosed with HIV/AIDS.[3]

Contents

[edit] Early life

Damien was born Jozef ("Jef") De Veuster, the seventh child of the corn merchant Frans De Veuster and his wife Cato Wouters in the village of Tremelo in Flemish Brabant. He attended college at Braine-le-Comte, then entered the novitiate of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Leuven, taking the name of Damianus (Damiaan in Dutch) in his first vows, probably after Saint Damian.[4] Following in his brother's footsteps, Damien became a Picpus Brother on October 7, 1860. His brother could not fulfill his dream of traveling overseas to actively participate in missionary work. Damien took up his brother's dream as his own and went in his place on a mission abroad.

Birth place
Birth place

[edit] Mission to Hawaii

On March 19, 1864, Damien landed at Honolulu Harbor in downtown Honolulu as a missionary. There, Damien was ordained to the priesthood on May 21, 1864 at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace, a church established by his religious order.[5] He served at several parishes on the island of Oahu just as the kingdom faced a public health crisis.

Native Hawaiians became afflicted by diseases inadvertently introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by foreign traders and sailors. Thousands died of influenza, syphilis and other ailments which had never before affected Hawaiians. This included the plight of leprosy, today called Hansen's disease. Fearful of its spread, King Kamehameha V quarantined the lepers of the kingdom and moved them to a settlement colony on the north side of the island of Molokai. The Royal Board of Health provided them with supplies and food but did not yet have the resources to offer proper healthcare. In 1865, Father Damien was assigned to the Catholic Mission in North Kohala on the island of Hawai‘i. While Msgr. Louis Maigret, vicar apostolic, believed that the lepers at the very least needed a priest to minister to their needs, he realized that this assignment could potentially be a death sentence. After prayerful thought, Damien asked Msgr. Maigret for permission to go to Moloka‘i.

[edit] Colony of death

Father Damien, seen here with the Kalawao Girls Choir during the 1870s, took on the role of priest and doctor to lepers in settlement colonies.
Father Damien, seen here with the Kalawao Girls Choir during the 1870s, took on the role of priest and doctor to lepers in settlement colonies.
Father Damien's church at Kalawao.
Father Damien's church at Kalawao.

On May 10, 1873, Damien arrived at the secluded settlement at Kalaupapa. Bishop Maigret presented Damien to the colonists as "one who will be a father to you, and who loves you so much that he does not hesitate to become one of you; to live and die with you." The settlement was surrounded by an impregnable mountain ridge. There were 816 lepers living at Kalaupapa. Damien's first course of action was to build a church and establish the Parish of Saint Philomena.

University of Hawaii System historians working with the Hawaii Catholic Church to archive its history agree that Damien was the only one in a position to provide comfort for the people of Kalaupapa. His role was not limited to being a priest; he took on the role of doctor as well. He dressed ulcers, built homes and beds. Damien even built coffins and dug graves.

Sociologists argued before the Roman Curia in proceedings for sainthood that Damien was sent to a morally deprived, lawless "colony of death" where people were forced to fight each other to survive. The kingdom didn't plan the settlement to be in such disarray but the government's neglect in providing much needed resources and medical help created the chaos. Damien's arrival is seen as a turning point for the community. Under his leadership, basic laws were enforced, shacks became painted houses, working farms were organized and schools were erected.

His symbols are a tree and a dove.

[edit] Death

Father Damien died on April 15, 1889. This photograph shows Mother Marianne Cope standing beside his body.
Father Damien died on April 15, 1889. This photograph shows Mother Marianne Cope standing beside his body.

As indicated in diaries, in December 1884 Damien went about his evening ritual of soaking his feet in boiling water. He could not feel the heat; he had contracted leprosy. Despite the discovery, residents claim that Damien worked vigorously to build as many homes as he could and planned for the continuation of the programs he created after he was gone.

With the flurry of activity, four strangers came to Kalaupapa in search of Damien to help the ailing missionary. Louis Lambert Conrardy was a Belgian priest. Mother Marianne Cope was Superior of the Franciscan Sisters of Syracuse. Joseph Dutton was an American Civil War soldier who left behind a marriage broken because of alcoholism. James Sinnett was a nurse from Chicago. Conrardy took up pastoral duties while Cope organized a working hospital. Dutton attended to the construction and maintenance of the community's buildings. Sinnett nursed Damien in the last phases of the disease, closing his eyes upon Father Damien's death at the age of 49 from leprosy. He was originally buried on Molokai, but in 1936, the Belgian government asked for the return of his body, which was brought back to Belgium on the ship "Mercator" and which is now buried in Leuven, a city close to the village where he was born.

[edit] Order of Kalakaua

Altar of the Kalawao Catholic church.
Altar of the Kalawao Catholic church.

King David Kalakaua bestowed on Damien the honor Knight Commander of the Royal Order of Kalakaua. When Princess Lydia Liliuokalani visited the settlement to present the medal, she was reported as having been too distraught and heartbroken to read her speech. The princess shared her experience with the world and publicly acclaimed Damien's efforts. Consequently, Damien's name was spread across the United States and Europe. American Protestants raised large sums of money for the missionary. The Church of England sent food, medicine, clothing and supplies. It is believed that Damien never wore the medal given to him.

[edit] Criticisms

Upon his death, a global discussion arose as to the mysteries of Damien's life and his work on the island of Molokai. Much criticism came especially out of the Congregational and Presbyterian churches in Hawaii. It has been argued for decades that these church leaders took a stance against Damien merely out of spite for Catholicism in general.[citation needed] They derided Damien as a "false shepherd" who was driven by personal ambition and ego. The most famous treatise published against Damien was by a Honolulu Presbyterian, Reverend C. M. Hyde, in a letter dated August 2, 1889 to a fellow pastor, Reverend H. B. Gage. Reverend Hyde wrote:

Following Father Damien's death the lepers of Molokai gathered around his grave in mourning.
Following Father Damien's death the lepers of Molokai gathered around his grave in mourning.
Father Damien's original grave as it looks today.
Father Damien's original grave as it looks today.

In answer to your inquiries about Father Damien, I can only reply that we who knew the man are surprised at the extravagant newspaper laudations, as if he was a most saintly philanthropist. The simple truth is, he was a coarse, dirty man, head-strong and bigoted. He was not sent to Molokai, but went there without orders; did not stay at the leper settlement (before he became one himself), but circulated freely over the whole island (less than half the island is devoted to the lepers), and he came often to Honolulu. He had no hand in the reforms and improvements inaugurated, which were the work of our Board of Health, as occasion required and means were provided. He was not a pure man in his relations with women, and the leprosy of which he died should be attributed to his vices and carelessness. Others have done much for the lepers, our own ministers, the government physicians, and so forth, but never with the Catholic idea of meriting eternal life.[6]

Having read the letter, Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson, also a Presbyterian, drafted an equally famous treatise as a rebuttal in defense of Damien and derided Reverend Hyde for creating gossip to support his blatant anti-Catholic agenda. On October 26, 1889, Stevenson wrote:

When we have failed, and another has succeeded; when we have stood by, and another has stepped in; when we sit and grow bulky in our charming mansions, and a plain, uncouth peasant steps into the battle, under the eyes of God, and succours the afflicted, and consoles the dying, and is himself afflicted in his turn, and dies upon the field of honour—the battle cannot be retrieved as your unhappy irritation has suggested. It is a lost battle, and lost for ever.[6]

In addition to calling Reverend Hyde a "crank", Stevenson answered the charge that Damien was "not sent to Molokai but went there without orders" by arguing that:

Is this a misreading? or do you really mean the words for blame? I have heard Christ, in the pulpits of our Church, held up for imitation on the ground that His sacrifice was voluntary. Does Dr. Hyde think otherwise?[6]

But not all the descriptions were flattering. Stevenson also included a graphic list of Damien's faults. Some of Stevenson's descriptions of Father Damien (gained from his questioning of Kalaupapa residents over eight days and seven nights) were that Damien was "shrewd, ignorant and bigoted" "grumbling" "essentially indiscreet and officious" "domineering in all his ways" "incurably unpopular with the Kanakas (Hawaiians)" "destitute of real authority" and wrote of Damien's "lack of control" and of his "slovenly ways and false ideas of hygiene" "his boys laughed at him" and "he must carry out his wishes by the means of bribes". [7]

In the process of examining Damien's fitness for beatification and canonization, the Roman Curia pored over a great deal of documentation of published and unpublished criticisms against the missionary's life and work. Diaries and interviews were scoured and debated. In the end it was found that what Stevenson called "heroism" was indeed genuine.

[edit] Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi offered his own defense of Damien's life and work. Gandhi claimed Damien to have been an inspiration for his social campaigns in India that led to the freedom of his people and secured aid for those that needed it. Gandhi was quoted in M.S. Mehendale’s 1971 account called Gandhi Looks at Leprosy as saying, "The political and journalistic world can boast of very few heroes who compare with Father Damien of Moloka'i. It is worthwhile to look for the sources of such heroism."[8]

[edit] Canonization process

This statue of Father Damien sits outside the entrance to the Hawaiʻi State Capitol Building on the island of Oʻahu.
This statue of Father Damien sits outside the entrance to the Hawaiʻi State Capitol Building on the island of Oʻahu.

Two miracles attributed to Father Damien (posthumously) have been documented: On June 13, 1992, Pope John Paul II approved the cure of a nun in France in 1895 as a miracle attributed to Damien’s intercession. In that case, Sister Simplicia Hue begun a novena to Father Damien as she lay dying of a lingering intestinal illness. The pain and symptoms of the illness disappeared overnight. In the second case, a Hawaii woman's cancer completely disappeared after she prayed at the empty grave of Father Damien on Molokai.[9] On June 4, 1995, Pope John Paul II beatified Blessed Damien and gave him his official spiritual title. On December 20, 1999, Jorge Medina Estévez, Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, confirmed the November 1999 decision of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops to place Blessed Damien on the liturgical calendar with the rank of optional memorial. His official Feast Day is on May 10 of each year.

In April 2008 the Vatican ruled that Father Damien was indeed responsible for two miracles attributed to him. His canonization is expected late in 2008 and he will receive the title of Saint Damien of Molokaʻi. [10]

In Blessed Damien's role as the unofficial patron of those with HIV and AIDS, the world's only Roman Catholic memorial chapel to those who have died of this disease, at the Église Saint-Pierre-Apôtre in Montreal, is consecrated to him.

[edit] In culture

The one-man play Damien, written by Aldyth Morris and first performed in 1976, tells the story of Damien's life in the first person through a series of flashbacks. A performance starring Terence Knapp was broadcast on PBS in 1978 and again in 1986.

Father Damien was portrayed in 1980 by Ken Howard in the television film Father Damien: Leper Priest.[11]

After the beatification of Blessed Damien, Belgian film producer Tharsi Vanhuysse was inspired to lead a project honoring the famous priest. Vanhuysse teamed with film producer Grietje Lammertyn of ERA Films and searched for screenwriter, director and lesser known actors. Australian David Wenham was chosen to play the lead. Another Australian, Paul Cox, was selected to direct the project. Previously, he had completed an independent movie about the artist Vincent van Gogh. American John Briley wrote the screenplay. Briley was an Academy Award winner for writing the screenplay for Gandhi. He also worked on the movie, Cry Freedom. Other actors in the movie entitled Molokai: The Story of Father Damien include Derek Jacobi, Kris Kristofferson, Sam Neill, Tom Wilkinson and Peter O'Toole. The movie was released on March 17, 2000.

This reredos of an Episcopal-Anglican Church in Hollywood, California shows the cross-denominational veneration of Blessed Damien of Molokai.St. Thomas the Apostle Church's Damien Chapel.
This reredos of an Episcopal-Anglican Church in Hollywood, California shows the cross-denominational veneration of Blessed Damien of Molokai.
St. Thomas the Apostle Church's Damien Chapel.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel article from December 23, 2001
  2. ^ De Grootste Belg (The Greatest Belgian) official article
  3. ^ Damien Center History
  4. ^ Biography (in Flemish)
  5. ^ Date of ordination given in Hilde Eynikel, Damiaan. Leuven: Davidsfonds, 1997. p. 82. ISBN 9061525861.
  6. ^ a b c Father Damine. An Open Letter to the Reverend Dr. Hyde of Honolulu, by Robert Louis Stevenson
  7. ^ Father Damien by Robert Louis Stevenson - Full Text Free Book
  8. ^ Damien - home
  9. ^ Tribunal to examine Blessed Damien miracle claim
  10. ^ Vatican puts Blessed Damien, patron of Aids sufferers, on the road to sainthood | Mail Online
  11. ^ Entry on the Internet Movie Database

[edit] Sources

  • Gavan Daws, Holy Man: Father Damien of Molokai, University of Hawai'i Press, 1994.
  • Hilde Eynikel, Molokai: The Story of Father Damien, Alba House: 1999.
  • Richard Stewart, Leper Priest of Moloka'i: The Father Damien Story, University of Hawai'i Press: 2001.

[edit] External links