Failure mode and effects analysis

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A Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is a procedure for analysis of potential failure modes within a system for the classification by severity or determination of the failures' effect upon the system. It is widely used in the manufacturing industries in various phases of the product life cycle and is now increasingly finding use in the service industry as well. Failure causes are any errors or defects in process, design, or item especially ones that affect the customer, and can be potential or actual. Effects analysis refers to studying the consequences of those failures.

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[edit] Basic terms

Failure mode: "The manner by which a failure is observed; it generally describes the way the failure occurs."
Failure effect: The immediate consequences a failure has on the operation, function or functionality, or status of some item
Indenture levels: An identifier for item complexity. Complexity increases as the levels get closer to one.
Local effect: The Failure effect as it applies to the item under analysis.
Next higher level effect: The Failure effect as it applies at the next higher indenture level.
End effect: The failure effect at the highest indenture level or total system.
Failure cause: Defects in design, process, quality, or part application, which are the underlying cause of the failure or which initiate a process which leads to failure.
Severity: "The consequences of a failure mode. Severity considers the worst potential consequence of a failure, determined by the degree of injury, property damage, or system damage that could ultimately occur."
[1]

[edit] History

FMEA is quite old, with the oldest form being trial and error. However, learning from each failure is both costly and time consuming. As such, it is considered better to first conduct some thought experiments.

FMEA was formally introduced in the late 1940s, with military purposes, by the US Armed Forces. Later it was used for aerospace/rocket development to avoid errors in small sample sizes of costly rocket technology. An example of this is the Apollo Space program. The primary push came during the 1960s, while developing the means to put a man on the moon and safely get him back. In the late 1970s the Ford Motor Company introduced FMEA to the automotive industry for safety and regulatory consideration after the Pinto affair. They also used it to improve production and design.

Although initially developed by the military, the FMEA methodology is now extensively used in a variety of industries including semiconductor processing, foodservice, plastics, software, and healthcare.[2][3] It is integrated into Advanced Product Quality planning (APQP) to provide primary risk mitigation tools and timing in the preventing strategy, in both design and process formats. Each potential cause must be considered for its effect on the product or process and, based on the risk, actions are determined and risks revisited after actions are complete. Toyota has taken this one step further with it’s Design Review Based on Failure Modes (DRBFM) approach.

[edit] Implementation

In FMEA, Failures are prioritized according to how serious their consequences are, how frequently they occur and how easily they can be detected. An FMEA also documents current knowledge and actions about the risks of failures, for use in continuous improvement. FMEA is used during the design stage with an aim to avoid future failures. Later it is used for process control, before and during ongoing operation of the process. Ideally, FMEA begins during the earliest conceptual stages of design and continues throughout the life of the product or service.

The purpose of the FMEA is to take actions to eliminate or reduce failures, starting with the highest-priority ones. It may be used to evaluate risk management priorities for mitigating known threat-vulnerabilities. FMEA helps select remedial actions that reduce cumulative impacts of life-cycle consequences (risks) from a systems failure (fault).

It is used in many formal quality systems such as QS-9000 or ISO/TS 16949.

[edit] Using FMEA when designing

FMEA can provide an analytical approach, when dealing with potential failure modes and their associated causes. When considering possible failures in a design – like safety, cost, performance, quality and reliability – an engineer can get a lot of information about how to alter the development/manufacturing process, in order to avoid these failures as best as possible. FMEA provides an easy tool to determine which risk has the greatest concern, and therefore an action is needed to prevent a problem before it arises.The development of these specifications will ensure the product will meet the defined requirements.

[edit] The pre-work

The process for conducting an FMEA is straightforward. It is developed in 3 main phases, in which appropriate actions need to be defined. But before starting with an FMEA, it is important to do some pre-work to make sure the robustness and past history are included in the analysis.

Therefore a robustness analysis can be obtained from Interface Matrices, Boundary Diagrams and Parameter Diagrams. A lot of failures are due to noise factors and shared interfaces with other parts and/or systems, because engineers tend to focus on what they control directly.

To start it is necessary to describe the system and it’s function. A good understanding simplifies the further analysis. This way an engineer can see which uses of the system are desirable and which are not. It is important to consider both intentional and unintentional uses! Unintentional uses are a form of hostile environment.

Next a block diagram of the system needs to be created. This diagram gives an overview of the major components or process steps and how they are related. These are called logical relations around which the FMEA can be developed. It is useful to create a coding system to identify the different system elements. The block diagram should always be included with the FMEA.

Before starting the actual FMEA, a worksheet needs to be created, which contains the important information about the system, such as the revision date or the names of the components. On this worksheet all the items or functions of the subject should be listed in a logical manner, based on the block diagram.

Example FMEA Worksheet
Function Failure mode Effects S (severity rating) Cause(s) O (occurrence rating) Current controls D (detection rating) CRIT (critical characteristic RPN (risk priority number) Recommended actions Responsibility and target completion date Action taken
Fill tub High pressure sensor never trips Liquid spills on customer floor 8 Pressure sensor failed
Pressure sensor disconnected		 2 Fill timeout based on time to fill to low pressure sensor 5 N 80 Perform cost analysis of adding additional sensor halfway between low and high pressure sensors Jane Doe
10-Oct-2010

[edit] Step 1: Severity

Determine all failure modes based on the functional requirements and their effects. Examples of failure modes are: Electrical short-circuiting,corrosion or deformation. It is important to note that a failure mode in one component can lead to a failure mode in another component. Therefore each failure mode should be listed in technical terms and for function. Hereafter the ultimate effect of each failure mode needs to be considered. A failure effect is defined as the result of a failure mode on the function of the system as perceived by the user. In this way it is convenient to write these effects down in terms of what the user might see or experience. Examples of failure effects are: degraded performance, noise or even injury to a user. Each effect is given a severity number(S) from 1(no danger) to 10(important). These numbers help an engineer to prioritise. If the severity of an effect has a number 9 or 10, actions are considered to change the design by eliminating the failure mode, if possible, or protecting the user from the effect. A severity rating of 9 or 10 is generally reserved for those effects which would cause injury to a user or otherwise result in litigation.

[edit] Step 2: Occurrence

In this step it is necessary to look at the cause of a failure and how many times it occurs. This can be done by looking at similar products or processes and the failures that have been documented for them. A failure cause is looked upon as a design weakness. All the potential causes for a failure mode should be identified and documented. Again this should be in technical terms. Examples of causes are: erroneus algorithms, excessive voltage or improper operating conditions. A failure mode is given a probability number(O),again 1-10. Actions need to be determined if the occurrence is high (meaning >4 for non safety failure modes and >1 when the severity-number from step 1 is 9 or 10). This step is called the detailed development section of the FMEA process.

[edit] Step 3: Detection

When appropriate actions are determined, it is necessary to test their efficiency. Also a design verification is needed.The proper inspection methods need to be chosen. First, an engineer should look at the current controls of the system, that prevent failure modes from occurring or which detect the failure before it reaches the customer. Hereafter one should identify testing, analysis, monitoring and other techniques that can be or have been used on similar systems to detect failures. From these controls an engineer can learn how likely it is for a failure to be identified or detected. Each combination from the previous 2 steps, receives a detection number(D). This number represents the ability of planned tests and inspections at removing defects or detecting failure modes.

After these 3 basic steps, Risk Priority Numbers (RPN) are calculated.

[edit] Risk Priority Numbers

RPN do not play an important part in the choice of an action against failure modes. They are more threshold values in the evaluation of these actions.

After ranking the severity, occurrence and detectability the RPN can be easily calculated by multiplying these 3 numbers: RPN = S x O x D

This has to be done for the entire process and/or design. Once this it is done it is easy to determine the areas of greatest concern. The failure modes that have the highest RPN should be given the highest priority for corrective action. This means it is not always the failure modes with the highest severity numbers that should be treated first. There could be less severe failures, but which occur more often and are less detectable.

After these values are allocated, recommended actions with targets, responsibility and dates of implementation are noted. These actions can include specific inspection, testing or quality procedures, redesign (such as selection of new components), adding more redundancy and limiting environmental stresses or operating range. Once the actions have been implemented in the design/process, the new RPN should be checked, to confirm the improvements. These tests are often put in graphs, for easy visualisation. Whenever a design or a process changes, an FMEA should be updated.

A few logical but important thoughts come in mind:

  • Try to eliminiate the failure mode (some failures are more preventable than others)
  • Minimize the severity of the failure
  • Reduce the occurrence of the failure mode
  • Improve the detection

[edit] Timing of FMEA

The FMEA should be updated whenever:

  • At the beginning of a cycle (new product/process)
  • Changes are made to the operating conditions
  • A change is made in the design
  • New regulations are instituted
  • Customer feedback indicates a problem

[edit] Uses of FMEA

  • Development of system requirements that minimize the likelihood of failures.
  • Development of methods to design and test systems to ensure that the failures have been eliminated.
  • Evaluation of the requirements of the customer to ensure that those do not give rise to potential failures.
  • Identification of certain design characteristics that contribute to failures, and minimize or eliminate those effects.
  • Tracking and managing potential risks in the design. This helps avoid the same failures in future projects.
  • Ensuring that any failure that could occur will not injure the customer or seriously impact a system.

[edit] Advantages

  • Improve the quality, reliability and safety of a product/process
  • Improve company image and competitiviness
  • Increase user satisfaction
  • Reduce system development timing and cost
  • Collect information to reduce future failures, capture engineering knowledge
  • Reduce the potential for warranty concerns
  • Early identification and eliminitation of potential failure modes
  • Emphasis problem prevention
  • Minimize late changes and associated cost
  • Catalyst for teamwork and idea exchange between functions

[edit] Disadvantages

If used as a top-down tool, FMEA may only identify major failure modes in a system. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is better suited for "top-down" analysis. When used as a "bottom-up" tool FMEA can augment or complement FTA and identify many more causes and failure modes resulting in top-level symptoms. It is not able to discover complex failure modes involving multiple failures within a subsystem, or to report expected failure intervals of particular failure modes up to the upper level subsystem or system.[citation needed]

Additionally, the multiplication of the severity, occurrence and detection rankings may result in rank reversals, where a less serious failure mode receives a higher RPN than a more serious failure mode. The reason for this is that the rankings are ordinal scale numbers, and multiplication is not a valid operation on them. The ordinal rankings only say that one ranking is better or worse than another, but not by how much. For instance, a ranking of "2" may not be twice as bad as a ranking of "1," or an "8" may not be twice as bad as a "4," but multiplication treats them as though they are. See Level of measurement for further discussion.

[edit] Software

The usage of software will improve the documentation process of FMEA. A number of software packages exist. When selecting the software package which best suits your company's needs, it is important to choose one that is easy to learn and promotes consistent updating of your documentation. It is not necessary to spend a lot of money to have an effective, user-friendly system. Some FMEA software companies provide free upgrades, free support, and software with unlimited licenses. This is especially helpful in ensuring the long-term acceptance, understanding, and implementation of FMEAs.

[edit] Types of FMEA

  • Process: analysis of manufacturing and assembly processes
  • Design: analysis of products prior to production
  • Concept: analysis of systems or subsystems in the early design concept stages
  • Equipment: analysis of machinery and equipment design before purchase
  • Service: analysis of service industry processes before they are released to impact the customer
  • System: analysis of the global system functions
  • Software: analysis of the software functions

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Langford, J. W., Logistics: Principles and Applications, McGraw Hill, 1995, pp-488. (in paraphrase)
  2. ^ Quality Associates International's History of FMEA
  3. ^ E. Fadlovich, Performing Failure Mode and Effect Analysis [1]