F-106 Delta Dart
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| F-106 Delta Dart | |
|---|---|
 Convair F-106A (front) and F-106B of the Florida Air National Guard over Jacksonville, Florida |
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| Type | Interceptor |
| Manufacturer | Convair |
| Maiden flight | 26 December 1956 |
| Introduced | June 1959 |
| Retired | August 1988 (ANG) |
| Primary user | United States Air Force |
| Number built | 340 |
| Unit cost | US$4.7 million[1] |
| Developed from | F-102 Delta Dagger |
The Convair F-106 Delta Dart was the primary all-weather interceptor aircraft for the United States Air Force from the 1960s through the 1980s. Designed as the so-called "Ultimate Interceptor," it has proven to be the last dedicated interceptor in USAF service to date. It was gradually retired during the 1980s, although the QF-106 drone conversions of the aircraft were used until 1998.[2]
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[edit] Design and development
The F-106 emerged from the USAF's 1954 interceptor program of the early 1950s as an advanced derivative of the F-102 Delta Dagger known as the F-102B, for which the United States Air Force placed an order for in November 1955. The aircraft featured so many modifications and design changes it became a new design in its own right, redesignated F-106 on 17 June 1956.[3]
The major change was to an area ruled fuselage, enabling supersonic speed in level flight. In addition, the F-106 featured a more powerful J-75 afterburning turbojet with enlarged intake diameter to compensate for the increased airflow requirements and a variable geometry inlet duct, which allowed the aircraft improved performance particularly at supersonic speeds, as well as permitting a shorter inlet duct. The fuselage was cleaned up and simplified in many ways featuring a modified, slightly enlarged wing area and a redesigned vertical tail surface. The aircraft's exhaust nozzle featured a device known as an idle thrust reducer, which allowed taxiing without the jet blast blowing unsecured objects around, yet allowing virtually full performance at high thrust levels, including afterburners. The fuselage was also slightly longer than the F-102 Delta Dagger.
Initial flight tests at the end of 1956 and beginning of 1957 were disappointing, with performance much less than anticipated, but after nearly abandoning the program, the Air Force decided to order 350 F-106s instead of the planned 1,000. After some minor redesign, the new aircraft, designated F-106A were delivered to 15 fighter interceptor squadrons along with the F-106B two-seat combat-capable trainer variant, starting in October 1959.[4]
In December 1959, Major Joseph W. Rogers set a world speed record of 1,525.96 mph (2455.79 km/h) in a Delta Dart at 40,500 feet (12,300 m).[5]
The F-106 was equipped with the Hughes MA-1 integrated fire-control system, which could be linked to the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) network for ground control interception (GCI) missions, allowing the aircraft to be steered by controllers. It was armed with four Hughes AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missiles in its internal weapons bay, along with a single GAR-11/AIM-26A Falcon nuclear-tipped semi-active radar (SAR)-homing missile (which detected reflected radar signals), or a 1.5 kiloton-warhead AIR-2 (MB-2) Genie air-to-air rocket intended to be fired into enemy bomber formations.[6] The MA-1 proved extremely troublesome and was eventually upgraded more than 60 times in service.[7]
[edit] Operational history
The F-106 served in the continental USA, Alaska, and Iceland, as well as brief periods in Germany and South Korea. The F-106 was the second highest sequentially numbered P/F- aircraft to enter service under the old number sequence (the F-111 was highest), before the system was reset under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system. In service, the F-106's official name, "Delta Dart," was rarely used, and the aircraft was universally known simply as the "Six."
Although contemplated for use in Vietnam, it never saw combat, nor was it exported to foreign users. After initial teething problems were resolved, its exceptional performance made it very popular with its pilots. Air-to-air combat testing suggested the "Six" was a reasonable match for the F-4 Phantom II in a dogfight, with superior high-altitude turn performance and overall maneuverability (aided by the aircraft's lower wing loading), although pilots conceded the Phantom had better radar and missiles.[8] The F-4 also featured a greater missile capacity than the F-106, featured a higher thrust/weight ratio, superior climb performance, and better high speed/low-altitude maneuverability.
The F-106 was progressively updated in service, with improved avionics, a modified wing featuring a noticeable conical camber, an infrared search and track system, streamlined supersonic wing tanks which provided virtually no degradation to overall aircraft performance, better instrumentation, and features like an inflight refuelling receptacle and an arresting hook for landing emergencies.[9]
Some F-106As were upgraded in Project Six Shooter[10] in 1972, fitted with a new bubble canopy without the metal bracing along the top (which greatly improved pilot visibility), an optical gunsight, and provision for a single M61 Vulcan 20mm cannon with 650 rounds of ammunition in the center weapons bay, replacing the AIM-26 Super Falcon or Genie.
The F-15A started replacing the F-106 in 1981, with the "Sixes" typically passed on to Air National Guard units. The F-106 remained in service in various USAF and ANG units until 1988.[11]
Starting in 1986, many of the surviving aircraft were converted into drones, designated QF-106A, and used for target practice. The last was destroyed in January 1998. The drones were still capable of being flown by people, such as for ferrying to a test; during the test they were flown unmanned.[12]A handful of F-106s were retained by NASA for test purposes through 1998.
[edit] Variants
- F-102B : The original designation of the F-106A. Fitted with the MA-1 Integrated Fire Control System with SAGE datalink, J-75 afterburning turbojet, enlarged intake, variable geometry inlet ramps and shortened intake ducts, refined fuselage shape, modified wings and redesigned tailfin; tailpipe fitted with a device to reduce the tendency of the jet exhaust to blow unsecured objects around while taxiing, yet allowing virtually maximum performance at high thrust settings including afterburner. Performance was deemed unsatisfactory and modifications were made.
- Weapons configurations (projected)
- 2 x AIM-4 Falcon, 2 x AIM-4 Falcon, and 2 x AIM-4 Falcon or
- 2 x AIM-4 Falcon, 1 x AIM-26 Super Falcon, and 2 x AIM-4 Falcon or
- 2 x AIM-4 Falcon, 1 x AIR-2A Genie, 2 x AIM-4 Falcon
- F-106A : Modified F-106 with improved performance. Maximum speed at least Mach 2.5, with some estimates as high as Mach 2.85 in level flight. The aircraft is capable of low supersonic speeds without afterburner with a significant range penalty. Maximum altitude at least 57,000 feet. Many were fitted with a conically cambered wing for improved takeoff, supersonic, and high-altitude flight. To improve the aircraft's range, the aircraft was fitted with two streamlined supersonic tanks which were capable of sustaining roll rates of 100 degrees per second. Since these tanks produced virtually no significant performance degradation, they were rarely jettisoned and were routinely carried around. After 1972, many F-106s were refitted with a new canopy featuring improved visibility, improved optic sights, and provision for a gunpack in the center weapons bay.
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- Weapons configurations
- 2 x AIM-4 Falcon, 2 x AIM-4 Falcon, and 2x AIM-4 Falcon or
- 2 x AIM-4 Falcon, 1 x AIM-26 Super Falcon, and 2 x AIM-4 Falcon or
- 2 x AIM-4 Falcon, 1 x AIR-2A or AIR-2B Genie, and 2 x AIM-4 Falcon
- 2 x AIM-4 Falcon, 1 x M61 gunpack with 650 rounds, and 2 x AIM-4 Falcon
- F-106B : Two-seat, combat-capable training version. Pilot and instructor are seated in tandem. Due to the extra seat, the fuselage is actually better area ruled; combined with a likely reduction in weight,[citation needed] this increases top speed by a tenth of a Mach number. Maximum speed is at least Mach 2.6[citation needed], with some estimates as high as Mach 2.95.[citation needed] Many were fitted with the conically cambered wing, improving the supersonic lift to drag ratio.[13]
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- Weapons configurations (same as F-106A)
- NF-106B : This designation was given to two F-106Bs used as temporary test aircraft.
- F-106C : Unbuilt version. Aircraft was intended to have the AN/ASG-18 radar and fire control system fitted originally developed for the XF-108 Rapier. For its time, it was the largest radar to ever be fitted to a fighter, actually requiring hydraulic actuators to turn the antenna. To accommodate this larger radar system, the nose cone was longer and of greater diameter. The design featured an improved raised canopy design featuring better visibility, canards and lengthened rectangular inlet ducts. The aircraft was to be capable of carrying one GAR-9/AIM-47A in its center bay and one AIM-26A in each side bay. At one time, the US Air Force had considered acquiring 350 of these advanced interceptors, but the F-106C/D project was cancelled on 23 September 1958.[14]
- F-106D : Unbuilt version.
- F-106X : Unbuilt version (early 1968). Would have been outfitted with canards and powered by a JT4B-22 turbojet. It was envisioned as an alternative to the Lockheed YF-12, and was to have had a fire control system with "look-down, shoot-down" capability fed by a 40-inch radar dish.[15]
- F-106E : Unbuilt version. On 3 September 1968, Convair issued a proposal for an "improved" interceptor that was to be designated F-106E/F. It was to be compatible with the upcoming airborne warning and control systems as well as with the "over-the-horizon" radar defense network. The F-106E/F would have had a longer nose and a new and improved radar with a look-down/shoot-down tracking and missile launch capability. It would also have had a two-way UHF voice and datalink radio. It would have been capable of launching both nuclear and non-nuclear missiles, including the AIM-26 Nuclear Falcon and the AIM-47.[16]
- F-106F : Unbuilt version.
[edit] Operators
[edit] Survivors
A partial list of statically displayed F-106 Delta Darts, by model, museum or base, location, and serial number:[17]
- F-106A
- Air Mobility Command Museum Dover AFB, Delaware 59-023
- California ANG - 144th FW, Fresno Fresno, California 59-146
- Florida ANG - 125th FW, Homestead ARB, Homestead, Florida 57-0230
- Florida ANG - 125th FW, Camp Blanding Museum, Middleburg, Florida 59-0105
- McChord Air Museum McChord AFB, Washington 56-459
- Minot AFB Minot AFB, North Dakota 56-460
- Montana ANG - 120th FW, Great Falls ANGB, Great Falls, Montana 59-069
- Museum of Aviation Robins AFB, Georgia 59-123
- Peterson Air and Space Museum, Peterson AFB, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 59-0134
- Pima Air & Space MuseumTucson, Arizona 59-0003
- Tyndall Air Park Tyndall AFB, Florida 59-145
- United States Air Force Museum, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 58-0787 58-787 (F-106 that landed itself with relatively minor damage in a farmer's field after its pilot lost control and ejected)
- NF-106A
- Selfridge Military Air Museum, Selfridge ANGB, Michigan 56-451
- F-106B
- Kelly Field Heritage Museum, Lackland AFB/Kelly Field (former Kelly AFB), Texas 57-2533
- New Jersey ANG - 177th FW, Atlantic City ANGB, Atlantic City, New Jersey 57-2523
- Virginia Air and Space Center / Hampton History Center Hampton, Virginia N816NA
[edit] Specifications (F-106A)
Data from Quest for Performance[18]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
- Length: 70.7 ft (21.55 m)
- Wingspan: 38.25 ft (11.67 m)
- Height: 20.28 ft (6.18 m)
- Wing area: 661.5 ft² (61.52 m²)
- Airfoil: NACA 0004-65 mod root and tip
- Empty weight: 24,420 lb (11,077 kg)
- Loaded weight: 34,510 lb (15,670 kg)
- Powerplant: 1× Pratt & Whitney J75-17 afterburning turbojet, 24,500 lbf (109 kN)
- * Zero-lift drag coefficient: 0.0083
- Drag area: 5.8 ft² (0.54 m²)
- Aspect ratio: 2.10
Performance
- Maximum speed: Mach 2.3 (1,525 mph, 2,455 km/h)
- Range: 1,800 mi (1,600 nm, 2,900 km) combat
- Ferry range: 2,700 mi (2,300 nm, 4,300 km)
- Service ceiling 57,000 ft (17,000 m)
- Rate of climb: 29,000 ft/min (150 m/s)
- Wing loading: 52 lb/ft² (255 kg/m²)
- Thrust/weight: 0.71
- Lift-to-drag ratio: 12.1
- Time to altitude: 6.9 min to 52,700 ft (16,065 m)
Armament
- Guns: 1× 20 mm (0.787 in) M61 Vulcan gatling gun
- Missiles:
- 2× AIM-4F Falcon
- 2× AIM-4G Falcon
- 1× AIR-2A Genie nuclear rocket
[edit] See also
Related development
Comparable aircraft
- CF-105 Arrow
- Convair B-58 Hustler
- Dassault Mirage III
- English Electric Lightning
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21
- Saab 35 Draken
- Sukhoi Su-11
- Sukhoi Su-15
Related lists
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
- ^ Knaack, Marcelle Size. Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1 Post-World War II Fighters 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1978. ISBN 0-912799-59-5.
- ^ Winchester 2006, p. 55.
- ^ Pace 1991, p.138.
- ^ Green 1964, p.138.
- ^ Drendel 1980, p.92; Donald 2003, p.232.
- ^ Winchester 2006, p.54.
- ^ Baugher, Joe. Convair F-106A Delta Dart. Convair F-106A Delta Dart Access date: 26 February 2007.
- ^ Donald 2003, p.259-260.
- ^ Donald 2003, p.242, 246.
- ^ Donald 2003, p. 250.
- ^ Winchester 2006, p.55.
- ^ Donald 2003, p.270-271.
- ^ It is uncertain if the F-106B was fitted with the modified Project Sharpshooter optic sights and gunpack provision.
- ^ Baughers: F-106C/D Note: After the cancellation of the Avro Arrow, the Canadian government briefly considered purchasing the F-106C/D. After the F-106C/D project was canceled, it acquired CF-101s, instead.
- ^ Donald 2003, p.232.
- ^ Air To Combat: F-106C/D/E/F
- ^ AeroWeb list of F-106 Delta Darts on display in the US.
- ^ Loftin, L.K, Jr.Quest for performance: The evolution of modern aircraft. NASA SP-468 [1] Access date: 22 April 2006.
[edit] Bibliography
- Carson, Don and Drendel, Lou. F-106 Delta Dart in Action. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1974. ISBN 0-89747-014-1.
- Donald, David. "Convair F-106 Delta Dart: The Ultimate Interceptor."Century Jets. London: AIRtime Publishing Inc, 2003. ISBN 1-880588-68-4.
- Drendel, Lou. Century Series in Color (Fighting Colors). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1980. ISBN 0-89747-097-4.
- Green, William. The World's Fighting Planes. London, Macdonald, 1964.
- Pace, Steve. X-Fighters: USAF Experimental and Prototype Fighters, XP-59 to YF-23. Oscela, Wisconsin: Motorbooks International, 1991. ISBN 0-87938-540-5.
- Winchester, Jim, ed. "Convair F-106 Delta Dart." Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. ISBN 1-84013-929-3.
[edit] External links
- Convair F-106A Delta Dart
- USAF Museum: Convair F-106A "Delta Dart
- Pat's Delta Dart World
- AeroWeb list of surviving F-106 Delta Darts on display in the US including radio-controlled drones
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