Fête nationale du Québec
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The Fête nationale du Québec (English: Quebec National Holiday) is an official holiday of the Canadian province of Quebec. The festivities occur on June 23 and June 24, and are organized by the Comité organisateur de la fête nationale (national holiday organizing committee). Originally, June 24 was a holiday honouring one of the patron saints of Quebec, St. John the Baptist, and in ordinary conversation the day is still often called la Saint-Jean by Quebecers.
Although the holiday has official status only in Quebec, it is also celebrated by some francophones in other Canadian provinces and in the United States as a festival of French Canadian culture. In these contexts, it is more often called Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day.
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[edit] Origins
The origins of the traditional festivities are more than 2000 years old. Among several European peoples, the summer solstice was the object of pagan celebrations (Midsummer). Fires were lit during the night in this period of the year when the days are longest. With the arrival of Christianity, the celebration of the event remained; however, it took a new spiritual significance. The celebration of Saint John the Baptist was a very popular event in the France of the ancien régime, and it is celebrated as a religious feast day in several countries, like Denmark.
The tradition landed in North America with the first French colonists. According to the Jesuit Relations, the first celebrations of this Christian day in New France took place around 1638.
[edit] Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day
In Lower Canada, the celebration of Saint-Jean-Baptiste day took a patriotic tone in 1834 on the initiative of one of the founders of the newspaper La Minerve, Ludger Duvernay, who would later become the first president of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society. In the spring of 1834, Duvernay and other Patriotes attended the celebrations of the first St. Patrick's Day, the celebration of the Irish diaspora, in Montreal. This would have given him and others the idea of organizing something similar for all the Canadiens and their friends.
On this June 24, George-Étienne Cartier's "Ô Canada! mon pays, mes amours" was first sung during a grand patriotic banquet gathering about sixty francophones and anglophones of Montreal, in the gardens of lawyer John McDonnell, near the old Windsor Station. The Canada in the song refers to Lower Canada, today's southern Quebec. Present at this banquet were many reformist politicians such as Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan, Louis Perrault, Thomas Storrow Brown, Édouard-Étienne Rodier, Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine, and Montreal mayor Jacques Viger.
Two days later, La Minerve concluded: "Cette fête dont le but est de cimenter l'union des Canadiens ne sera pas sans fruit. Elle sera célébrée annuellement comme fête nationale et ne pourra manquer de produire les plus heureux résultats."[1] ("This holiday, whose goal is to cement the union of the Canadiens, will not be without bearing fruit. It will be celebrated annually as a national holiday and will not go without producing the happiest results.")
Following the defeat of the insurrectional movement during the Lower Canada Rebellion and the military repressions which followed, the day was not celebrated for several years.
In 1843, Duvernay established the charitable Association Saint-Jean Baptiste in order to have the Saint-Jean Baptiste celebrated that year. The association was chartered in 1849 with the mission of promoting social and moral progress. (See Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society.)
The celebrations were supported by the Catholic church and started to be primarily religious around that time. Fires were still lit at night, but also the first Saint-Jean-Baptiste parades were organized. They became an important tradition over time. The procession of allegorical floats was introduced in 1874.
On June 24, 1880, the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society organized the gathering of all francophone communities across North America. The event was first Congrès national des Canadiens-Français. On this occasion, the citizens of Quebec City were the first ones to hear the "Ô Canada" of Calixa Lavallée, based on a poem by a local judge, Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The song was commissioned by the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society. It was well received but did not become a widely known song for many years. (English words were later written for a royal tour in 1901. In 1980, "O Canada" became the official national anthem of Canada.)
In 1908, Pope Pius X designated John the Baptist as the patron saint of the French-Canadian province.
From 1914 to 1923 the processions were not held.
In 1925, June 24 became a legal holiday in Quebec.
After the Quiet Revolution, Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day became very political. The religious symbolism associated with the celebrations was rejected by the younger generations. During this period, Governor General Georges Vanier, who, as viceroy, always fostered unity and biculturalism, found himself the target of Quebec sovereigntists in Montreal, on Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day, 1964, wherein a group of separatists held placards reading "Vanier vendu" ("Vanier sold") and "Vanier fou de la Reine" ("Vanier, jester to the Queen").[2] Four years later, with the new Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in attendance on the eve of a general election, a riot broke out on Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day, and 290 people were arrested. Trudeau was filmed refusing to take cover or leave the grandstand when the rioters pelted it with rocks, as well as bottles containing paint and acid. The scene was broadcast on Radio-Canada's and CBC's evening news. Many saw it as an open act of courage, and it impressed the electorate. The incident contributed to his Liberal Party winning a significant majority the next day.
In 1969, the little St. John the Baptist icon was destroyed during a riot. This led to the interruption of the parade, which did not take place the next year.
[edit] The Fête nationale
In 1977, an Order-in-Council by Lieutenant Governor Hugues Lapointe, on the advice of René Lévesque, made June 24 the national holiday of Quebec. The use of national in this context is controversial for some Canadians, because of the different usages of the word nation in English, see Nation (Ambiguity in usage).
The following year, the Comité organisateur de la fête nationale was created. The committee initially entrusted the organization of the events to the St-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montréal. In 1984, the organization was entrusted to the Mouvement national des Québécoises et des Québécois.
Saint-Jean-Baptiste day thus became the day of all Quebecers rather than only those of French-Canadian origins (approximately 74 per cent of Quebecers[citation needed]). Mainly by the actions of the St-Jean-Baptiste Society and the Mouvement national des Québécoises et des Québécois, the celebrations were gradually secularized and June 23 and 24 became what they are nowadays. Nonetheless, the festival retains a strong colouration of Québécois nationalism and is perceived by some Quebeckers of non-French-Canadian extraction as an ethnic rather than a provincial holiday.
Today, the Fête nationale is a popular cultural festival celebrating the achievements and diversity of Quebecers. It is still a tradition to light fires at night.
[edit] Political nature of the celebration
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This section does not cite any references or sources. (February 2008) Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. |
Until the 1970s, Dominion Day, which fell on July 1, was little more than a day away from work for most Canadians. To respond to the Quebec nationalist reappropiation of Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day, the federal government promoted July 1 as a national holiday for Canada. It did so by furnishing funds for lavish celebrations and by changing the name of the holiday to Canada Day.
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
[edit] In English
- Thomas, Suzanne. "Saint-Jean-Baptiste celebrations", in The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Foundation, 2008
- Gouvernement du Québec. "National Holiday Act", in CanLII, Federation of Law Societies of Canada, updated to May 1st, 2008
- Gouvernement du Québec. "The National Holiday", in the site of the Commission des normes du travail, 2006
[edit] In French
- Keller, Catherine. "Fête de la St Jean", in the on line edition of La Grande Époque, June 21, 2005
- Prémont, Donald. "24 juin 1834 - Le premier banquet de la Saint-Jean-Baptiste", in Les Patriotes de 1837@1838, March 10, 2000
- Nadeau, Claude, "Histoire de la fête nationale des Québécois : la Saint-Jean Baptiste", in Claudenadeau.net, 1998 (her personal Web site)
- Bizier, Hélène-Andrée and Paulette, Claude (1997). Fleur de lys, d'hier à aujourd'hui, Montréal: Édition Art Global, 158 pages ISBN 2920718673
- Rumilly, Robert (1975). Histoire de la Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montréal, des Patriotes au fleurdelysé, 1834-1948, Montréal, Éditions de l'Aurore, 564 pages ISBN 0885320891
- Vaugeois, Denis (1978). "La Saint-Jean, fête de la fierté", in Forces, XLIII, 2nd quarter, 1978
- Chouinard, H.-J.-J.-B. (1890). Fête nationale des Canadiens-français célébrée à Québec, 1881-1889, Québec (online)
- Chouinard, H.-J.-J.-B. (1881). Fête nationale des Canadiens français célébrée à Québec en 1880, Québec (online)
[edit] External links
