Extensions to the IPA
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| The International Phonetic Alphabet |
|---|
| History |
| Nonstandard symbols |
| Extensions to the IPA |
| Naming conventions |
| IPA for English |
The Extensions to the IPA are extensions of the International Phonetic Alphabet and were designed for disordered speech. However, some of the symbols (especially diacritics, below) are occasionally used for transcribing normal speech as well.
The Extended IPA for speech pathology has added additional bracket notations. Parentheses are used to indicate mouthing (silent articulation), as in (ʃːː), a silent sign to hush; parentheses are also used to indicate silent pauses, for example (...). Double parentheses indicate obscured or unintelligible sound, as in ((2 syll.)), two audible but unidentifiable syllables. Curly brackets with Italian musical terms are used to mark prosodic notation, such as [{falsetto hɛlp falsetto}].
| ʩ | Velopharyngeal fricative (often occurs with a cleft palate) |
| ʪ | Voiceless central-plus-lateral alveolar fricative, [ɬ͡s] (a lisp) |
| ʫ | Voiced central-plus-lateral alveolar fricative, [ɮ͡z] (a lisp) |
| ʬ | Bilabial percussive (smacking lips) |
| ʭ | Bidental percussive (gnashing teeth) |
| ¡ | Sublaminal lower alveolar click (sucking tongue) |
The last symbol may be used with the alveolar click for [ǃ¡], a combined alveolar and sublaminal click or "cluck-click".
Contents |
[edit] Extended IPA diacritics
The ExtIPA has widened the use of some of the regular IPA symbols, such as ʰp for pre-aspiration, tʶ for uvularization, or s̼ for a linguolabial sibilant, as well as adding some new ones. Some of the ExtIPA diacritics are occasionally used for non-disordered speech, for example for the unusual airstream mechanisms of Damin.
One modification is the use of subscript parentheses around the phonation diacritics to indicate partial phonation; a single parenthesis at the left or right of the voicing indicates that it is partially phonated at the beginning or end of the segment. For example, ₍s̬₎ is a partially voiced [s], ₍s̬ shows partial initial voicing, and s̬₎ partial final voicing; also ₍z̥₎ is a partially devoiced [z], ₍z̥ shows partial initial devoicing, and z̥₎ partial final devoicing. These conventions may be convenient for representing various voice onset times.
Phonation diacritics may also be prefixed or suffixed rather than placed directly under the segment to represent relative timing. For instance, ̬z is a pre-voiced [z], z ̬ a post-voiced [z], and a ̰ is an [a] with a creaky offglide.
Other ExtIPA diacritics are:
| Airstream mechanism | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| p↓ | Ingressive airflow | !↑ | Egressive airflow |
| Phonation | |||
| p⁼ | Unaspirated | ạ | Whispery phonation |
| aĦ | Faucalized voice (stretched pharynx, as in a yawn) |
a! | Harsh voice, ('pressed voice'; involves the false vocal cords, as when lifting a load) |
| ʰp | Pre-aspiration | a‼ | Ventricular vibration |
| Nasalization | |||
| n͋ v͋ | Nasal fricative or frication | m͊ | Denasal (as with a headcold) |
| Articulatory strength | |||
| f͈ | Strong articulation | v͉ | Weak articulation |
| Articulation | |||
| v͆ | Dentolabial | n̪͆ h̪͆ | Interdental or bidental |
| s͇ f͇ | Alveolar(ized) | s͎ | Whistled articulation |
| Secondary articulation | |||
| s͍ | Labial spreading (see rounded vowel) | ʒœ | Open-rounded labialization |
| kʋ | Labiodentalized | s͌ | Velopharyngeal friction |
| Timing | |||
| s͢θ | Slurred/sliding articulation | p\p\p | Stutter (reiterated articulation) |
In addition to these symbols, a subscript < or > indicates that an articulation is laterally offset to the left or right.
[edit] Prosodic notation
The ExtIPA also makes use of Italian musical notation for the tempo and dynamics of connected speech. These are subscripted on the insides of a {brace} notation that indicates that they are comments on the prosody.
Pauses are indicated with periods or numbers inside parentheses.
| (.) | Short pause | (..) | Medium pause | (...) | Long pause | (1.2) | 1.2-second pause |
| f | Loud speech ('forte') |
[{f lɑʊdf}] | ff | Louder speech ('fortissimo') |
[{ff lɑʊdɚ ff}] | ||
| p | Quiet speech ('piano') |
[{p kwaɪət p}] | pp | Quieter speech ('pianissimo') |
[{pp kwaɪətɚ pp}] | ||
| allegro | Fast speech | [{allegro fɑːst allegro}] | lento | Slow speech | [{lento sloʊ lento}] | ||
| crescendo, rallentando, and other musical terms may also be used. | |||||||
[edit] References
- Ball, Martin J.; Esling, John H.; & Dickson, B. Craig. (1995). The VoQS system for the transcription of voice quality. Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 25 (2), 71-80.
- Duckworth, M.; Allen, G.; Hardcastle, W.; & Ball, M. J. (1990). Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 4, 273-280.
