Ex-gay

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Ex-gay is a term used in professional literature and by some reparative therapists, religious groups, and others to describe persons who used to identify as gay or bisexual, but now do not. When it was introduced to professional literature in 1980, Pattison defined ex-gay as someone who had "experienced a basic change in sexual orientation from exclusive homosexuality to exclusive heterosexuality."[1]

For some ex-gay groups, merely choosing not to act on one's same-sex desires counts as a "success."[2] For example, some ex-gays in opposite-sex marriages acknowledge that their sexual attractions remain primarily homosexual, but seek to make their marriages work.[3] For some, the mere act of adopting the label "ex-gay" is seen as a narrative device whereby "individuals us[e] language as the primary tool to not only express identity but also create and transform it."[4] Ex-gays compare this to the coming out process.[4] Other ex-gays try to distance themselves from the term. Courage International does not consider itself an ex-gay ministry, but prefers to be thought of as "pro-chastity".[5] Alan Chambers, president of Exodus International, resents the term and has publicly denounced its usage. Other than Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays and Gays, no other major ex-gay organization has labeled themselves as an ex-gay organization.

Exodus International, National Association for the Research and Therapy of Homosexuality, Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays, Love in Action, Courage UK, Courage International,True Freedom Trust, and Focus on the Family's Love Won Out conference are some of the organizations and groups whose objectives include helping people attempt to change or control their same-sex attraction.

Some ex-gay organizations consider reparative therapy to be a useful and necessary tool to treat homosexual desire. [6] The medical and scientific consensus is that reparative therapy is not effective and is potentially harmful.[7] The American Psychiatric Association issued a critical statement backed by numerous other mainstream medical organizations, which stated: "There is simply no sufficiently scientifically sound evidence that sexual orientation can be changed."[8] The statement went on to say that positions espoused by ex-gay organizations "are not supported by the science" and that they "create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish." Ex-gay groups assert that the scientific community has taken its stances on homosexuality due to political, and not scientific, considerations.[9][10]

Contents

[edit] Ex-gay views

[edit] Definition of change

Although no genuine evidence exists that can confirm many ex-gay organization's "studies",Exodus describes change as "attaining abstinence from homosexual behaviors, lessening of homosexual temptations, strengthening their sense of masculine or feminine identity, correcting distorted styles of relating with members of the same and opposite gender."[11] Some ex-gays advocate entering (or remaining) in a heterosexual marriage as part of the process. Some ex-gays in opposite-sex marriages acknowledge that their sexual attractions remain primarily homosexual, but seek to make their marriages work anyway.[12]

[edit] Religion

See also: Religion and homosexuality and Homosexuality and Christianity

[edit] Possible Alternatives to Homosexuality (PATH)

In a joint coalition, several ex-gay organizations expressed their views that, for those with same-sex attractions, they support:

  • Personal choice in their sexual identity and behavior.
  • Right to know of alternatives to living a homosexual life.
  • Individual self-determination to seek counseling and determine the direction of that therapy
  • Compassion and respect to live in their choices as they see fit, without discrimination, ridicule, marginalization, or being the target of hate speech.
  • Policy neutrality, especially in the freedom to speak about freely chosen alternatives to homosexuality.
  • Equal access to public forums to raise awareness of alternative responses to a homosexual identity and lifestyle.[13]

[edit] Reparative therapy

Most religious ex-gay organizations support reparative therapy and provide referrals to its practitioners, though ex-gay organizations often do not practice it themselves.[14] Not all techniques are approved of by ex-gay organizations. For example, Exodus has condemned aversion therapy,[15][16] and has expressed concern over the techniques used by Richard Cohen.[14]

[edit] Ex-gay claims concerning changes in sexual orientation

Further information: Reparative therapy#Mainstream medical view of reparative therapy

Ex-gay groups rely heavily on testimonials, and the scientific evidence they cite are generally survey results of reported change among ex-gays.[17][18][19]

The Kinsey Scale and the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid are two prominent ways to measure sexual orientation. Using the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid, someone could mark themselves high on the homosexual end in some areas and high on the heterosexual end in other areas. (See also Am I Ex-Straight? Ex-Gays and the Ethics of Labels.) This shows that sometimes there is no simple way to speak of or define sexual orientation when one seeks to be analytical and scientific in the process.

[edit] Non-religious ex-gays

While the term "ex-gay" is used almost exclusively to mean gays and lesbians who have undergone a religious-based conversion, it could also be used to characterize those who at one time self-identified as gay or lesbian but have since abandoned that identity for one reason or another, not necessarily related to religious beliefs. Such individuals could actually be defined as bisexual, though they have chosen to lead their lives as heterosexuals.[citation needed]

[edit] List of people involved in the ex-gay movement

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 It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article. (Discuss)


[edit] Ex-gay people

Dennis Jernigan in concert, Woodland, California, June 2001
Dennis Jernigan in concert, Woodland, California, June 2001
  • Alan Chambers is the president of Exodus International. He shares his story at several ex-gay events and has written several books. He is politically active, and promotes legislation against same-sex marriage.[20]
  • Andrew Comiskey is the founder and leader of Desert Stream Ministries.[21] Founded in 1980, Desert Stream Ministries states that its mission is to "equip the body of Christ to minister healing to the sexually and relationally broken through healing groups and leadership training for the local church."[22] Mr. Comiskey has authored several books, including Pursuing Sexual Wholeness: How Jesus Heals the Homosexual and The Kingdom of God and the Homosexual.[23]
  • Alan Medinger[[24] is a former director of Exodus International,[25] and is the Founder and Executive Director Emeritus[26] of Regeneration Ministies, a Christian organization that assists men and women dealing with sexual issues such as pornography and homosexuality.[27] Mr. Medinger is the author of Growth Into Manhood.[28]
  • Stephen Bennett[29] is the President, Founder, and Executive Director of Stephen Bennett Ministries, Inc., an international nonprofit Christian organization that speaks out against homosexuality, assists persons seeking "freedom from homosexuality," and provides resources for parents of homosexually-involved sons and daughters.[30] Mr. Bennett is also a Christian songwriter and recording artist.[31] He has been married since 1993 and he and his wife have two children.[32]
  • Michael Glatze [33] is a former gay rights activist and former publisher of Young Gay America YGA Magazine.[34] Glatze recently revealed that he had eschewed his gay identity, and he has become an outspoken critic of homosexuality.[35]
  • Richard Cohen is the former president of Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays and Gays and was the subject of an infamous interview by Jason Jones on the March 19, 2007 episode of The Daily Show. After this appearance, NARTH and Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays and Gays removed all references to Cohen from their website[36] and Exodus International issued a position statement distancing themselves from him.[37]
  • Dennis Jernigan is a singer-songwriter of contemporary Christian music. He describes his experience of "deliverance from homosexuality" during his concerts.[40]
  • Mike Haley, Youth and Gender Analyst for Focus on the Family,[41] was living as a gay man for 12 years, and at one point was arrested for gay prostitution. He left "gayhood" when he was 28.[42] After what he calls a long and painful struggle, he made a switch to heterosexuality. Today, he's married with three children.[43]
  • Randy Thomas, Executive Vice President of Exodus International,[44] was in gay relationships since he was a teenager, but stopped when he found Christianity in his mid-20s.[45] He now says "I am 15 years on the other side of identifying as gay. I have had a sexual orientation shift, and I'm not gay."[46]
  • Melissa Fryrear, Gender Issues Analyst in Focus on the Family’s Legislative and Cultural Affairs Department,[47] lived as a lesbian for ten years before her Christian conversion and subsequent years of therapy, which she says made her life "fuller and happier."[48] She now says "I'm changed. I'm a heterosexual woman now. I'm not sexually attracted to women."[49]
  • Joe Dallas[50] is the Program Director of Genesis Counseling, and received the King Josiah award at the 2006 Freedom Conference. He has five books on human sexuality and his website offers resources for those with same-sex attractions.[51]
  • Sy Rogers was selected as one of '50 Up & Coming Evangelical Leaders Under 40' by Christianity Today. He has served for over two decades in ministry as a pastoral care specialist regarding sexuality. He has spoken at ex-gay conferences throughout the world.
  • Rev. David Foster is highly involved in helping people of color trying to leave homosexuality. He argues those who try to relate sexual orientation to race, stating "I'm just as black as the day I was born, but I'm no longer homosexual. You can't deny that.” [52]
  • David Matheson admitted to himself that he was attracted to men when he was 22 and married. After seven years of therapy, he says that he has changed his sexual orientation.[53] He has since become a licensed professional counselor and has made his clinical focus to be "helping men who want to diminish unwanted homosexuality and feel whole as men."[54] He is the clinical director of the Center for Gender Wholeness, co-creator of the Journey into Manhood weekend, and a director of People Can Change.[55] He has written the Evergreen Workbook for Men, Four Principles of Growth[56], and has made several media appearances talking about overcoming homosexual attractions. He does not say he is completely straight, but "straight enough".[57]
  • Rich Wyler is the founder and executive director of People Can Change and co-creator and leader of Journey into Manhood. He established Higher Path Life Coaching and began coaching professionally in 2005.[58] He leads telephone-based coaching group called "A Wife's Journey: Caring for Yourself and Your Family When Your Husband Struggles With Homosexuality or Addiction."[59]
  • In 2006, Ted Haggard, former American evangelical preacher and leader of the National Association of Evangelicals resigned or was removed from all of his leadership positions after allegations of gay sex and drug abuse were made by Mike Jones, a former male prostitute. Initially Haggard denied even knowing Mike Jones, but as a media investigation proceeded he acknowledged that some allegations, such as his purchase of methamphetamine, were true. He later added "sexual immorality" to his list of confessions. After the scandal was publicized, Haggard entered three weeks of intensive counseling, overseen by four ministers. On February 6, 2007, one of those ministers stated that Haggard "is completely heterosexual".[60] The minister later said he meant to say that therapy "gave Ted the tools to help to embrace his heterosexual side."[61]On February 6, 2008, Haggard had requested to leave the "restoration program" created for him by the New Life Church. In a press release, the New Life Church states it "recognizes the process of restoring Ted Haggard is incomplete and maintains its original stance that he should not return to vocational ministry. However, we wish him and his family only success in the future."[62][63]

[edit] People who "relapsed"

Controversy arose when ex-gay John Paulk was photographed leaving a gay bar. (Photograph by Wayne Besen.)
Controversy arose when ex-gay John Paulk was photographed leaving a gay bar.[64] (Photograph by Wayne Besen.)
  • Michael Johnston, an HIV-positive man who is featured in the film It's Not Gay, promoted by the American Family Association, had frequently been interviewed on U.S. television and radio regarding his claimed change in sexuality, and even featured in a national television advertising campaign in 1998 stating that Jesus Christ empowered him to leave his homosexual past. In 2002, he was exposed as having recently resumed having sex with men, and he admitted to having had unprotected sex with multiple male partners without disclosing his HIV-positive status, despite knowing he that he was HIV-positive, for over a period of two years.[66]
  • Exodus International's co-founder Michael Bussee and his partner, a fellow ex-gay counselor, Gary Cooper quit the group and in 1979, held a life commitment ceremony together. Bussee went on to become an outspoken critic of Exodus and the ex-gay movement.[67] He flatly rejects therapies designed to change or "cure" gay people, but recently acknowledged potential for therapy that "does not promise change, but instead offers patients help in managing their desires and modifying their behavior to match their religious values -- even if that means a life of celibacy".[68]
  • Colin Cook, founder of Homosexuals Anonymous, was in 1986 discovered to be engaging in sexual acts with his patients. He claimed that the nude massages of other men should desensitize them against homosexual desires. In 1987, he was expelled from Homosexuals Anonymous for sexual activity, and in 1995 a similar scandal happened with his newly founded group FaithQuest Colorado. Cook had engaged in phone sex, practiced long and grinding hugs, and asked patients to bring gay pornography to sessions so that he could help desensitize them against it.[69]
  • Christopher Austin was an ex-gay counselor who was sentenced to 10 years in prison in 2007 for sexually assaulting a male client. Austin was affiliated with and gave presentations at NARTH and Evergreen International, which describes him as "a therapist specializing in homosexual and sexual addiction recovery [and] the creator of RENEW, a multi-dimensional treatment approach for men struggling with homosexuality".[70][71]
  • Terrance Lewis was a minister and former counsellor at Providence Bible College in Winnipeg, Canada who was found guilty in February 2008 for sexually assaulting a young man who sought counselling to make him straight. The alleged victim, now 29, told court he started meeting Lewis for counselling sessions in early 2000 after his parents caught him viewing gay pornography on the family computer. The man said Lewis started a program of “touch therapy,” which included the two kissing and fondling each other and engaging in sexual roleplaying. [72][73]

[edit] People who left the ex-gay movement

Main article: Ex-ex-gay

The term ex-ex-gay refers to people, once involved with the ex-gay movement, who have ended the attempt to change their orientation, and who now identify as gay or bisexual. The Ex Gay Watch website is a notable resource regarding people who have been involved with the ex-gay movement and later left. Notable people who left the movement include:

  • Günter Baum originally founded an ex-gay ministry in Germany. Ultimately, he formed another ministry, Zwischenraum, which helps gay Christians to accept their sexuality and to reconcile it with their beliefs.

[edit] Scandals involving minors

One of the most controversial aspects of the ex-gay movement has been the focus on gay teenagers, including occasions where teenagers have been forcibly treated in ex-gay camps. A 2006 report outlined evidence that ex-gay and conversion therapy groups are increasingly focusing on children.[74] Several legal researchers have responded to these events by arguing that parents who force their children into aggressive conversion therapy programs are committing child abuse under various state statutes.[75][76]

  • In 1991 14-year-old Lyn Duff came out publicly as a lesbian. Reportedly concerned about her daughter's sexual orientation, Lyn Duff's mother had her taken by force from her grandparents' home to Rivendell Psychiatric Center, a residential treatment center near Salt Lake City. Duff's placement was paid for by the State of California through special education funds on the basis of her diagnosis with "Gender Identity Disorder". Her treatment reportedly included shock therapy, aversion therapy, psychotropic drugs, hypnosis, and behavioral counseling (for instance, being told to wear dresses and make up, etc). After 168 days in Rivendell, Duff escaped. In 1992, she initiated legal action against the facility and her mother. In 1993, Duff's therapist at Rivendell, R. Mark Hinckley, left Rivendell to start Turnabout, a similar camp to treat gay youth in Salt Lake City.
  • In Tennessee in 1995, a 16-year-old gay male sought legal emancipation from his parents because they were forcing him to attend reorientation counseling with a Memphis psychologist, Dr. Duff Wright. They intended to send him to either Love in Action, or another similar program. The Memphis Circuit Court judge agreed that the boy would be harmed by this treatment and indicated that he would sign the emancipation order. In a settlement agreement, the parents abandoned their plans to send the boy to treatment.[77] In April 2005, Wright lost his license to practice as a psychologist, due to a get-rich-quick scheme that resulted in an $81,000 loss to a client.[78]
  • In July 2005, the New York Times ran a feature story about 16-year-old Zachary Stark, whose parents forced him to attend an ex-gay camp run by Love in Action.[79] In May 2005, Zachary posted on his blog:

    Well today, my mother, father, and I had a very long 'talk' in my room where they let me know I am to apply for a fundamentalist Christian program for gays. They tell me that there is something psychologically wrong with me, and they "raised me wrong." I'm a big screw up to them, who isn't on the path God wants me to be on. So I'm sitting here in tears, joing [sic] the rest of those kids who complain about their parents on blogs - and I can't help it.[80]

In July 2005, Stark was released from the ex-gay camp.[80] Stark's blog prompted an investigation of the camp: the investigation did not uncover signs of child abuse, but in September 2005, the camp was shut down when Tennessee authorities discovered that unlicensed staff had been administering prescription drugs to the people attending the camp.[81]

  • In October 2005, the father of 17-year old DJ Butler drove him to the camp in handcuffs.[82] In February 2006, Tennessee authorities, unwilling to pursue further actions against Love in Action, closed the case.[82]

[edit] Ex-gay organizations

OneByOne booth at a Love Won Out conference
OneByOne booth at a Love Won Out conference

Ex-gay organizations began in the U.S. with Evangelical Christians, but has since spread to include Catholic, LDS, Jewish, Muslim and non-religious groups in several countries across the world.

[edit] North America

The first ex-gay ministry was formed in 1973, called Love in Action.[83] Three years later, they joined with other ex-gay organizations to form Exodus International. Exodus is the largest ex-gay organization, and has grown to include over 120 local ministries in the U.S. and Canada.[84] Exodus International is the largest organization under the Exodus Global Alliance. Many other ex-gay organizations have been formed to cater to a specific religious group, such as Courage for Catholics, Evergreen International for Mormons (LDS), OneByOne for Presbyterians, Transformation Congregations[85] for Methodists and JONAH for Jews.

Other organizations have formed to meet specific needs. Witness Freedom Ministries caters to people of color with same-sex attractions.[86] Exodus Youth is a group specifically designed for youth,[87] and the NEA Ex-Gay Educators Caucus is a group formed to help ex-gay teachers and students.[88] Others form after a specific technique, such as Homosexuals Anonymous[89] which was modeled after Alcoholics Anonymous' 12 step program and International Healing Foundation was modeled after Richard Cohen's methods. People Can Change[90] and PFOX are two other ex-gay organizations in North America. A major Web site that supports these efforts is Same-sex Attraction.

[edit] Europe

In 1975, Johan van de Sluis began EHAH (in English: Evangelical Counseling for Homosexuals) in the Netherlands.[91] After visiting an Exodus conference in America, he combined his organization with others to form Exodus Europe in 1982.[91] Exodus Europe included True Freedom Trust in the UK, Medvandrarna[92] in Sweden, Til Helhet[93] in Norway, Basis[94] in Denmark, Aslan[95] in Finland, Different (the old EHAH)[96] in Belgium and Onze Weg[97] in the Netherlands. In April 2007, Exodus Europe decided to break away from the Global Exodus Alliance because it was too affected by American thinking.[98] The United Kingdom also has Encourage [99] for Catholics and StraightWay Foundation[100] for Muslims.

[edit] Other

In 1978, Peter Lane began the first ex-gay group in Australia, which is called Liberty Ministry.[91] In 1987, it joined with other ministries to form Exodus Asia Pacific.[101] In 1990 Frank Worthen went to the Philippines and formed Bagong Pag-asa.[102] Other significant ex-gay groups under Exodus Asia Pacific include Liberty Christian Ministries[103] in Australia, Rainbow 7[104] in Taiwan, Liberty League[105] in Singapore and Pursuing Liberty Under Christ [106] in Malaysia.

In 1994, Esly Carvalho began Exodus Latino America.[107] In 2002, Exodus Brasil[108] separated as a separate organization under Global Exodus Alliance. Other groups in Latin America include Courage Latino[109] for Catholics, Elías S.O.S[110] in Argentina, and Camino de Salida[111] in Ecuador. Es Posible el Cambio[112] is an interdenominational group that advocates reparative therapy.

Ex-gay organizations in the Middle East include Atzat Nefesh[113] for Jews and Al-Tawbah[114] for Muslims.

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

[edit] Ex-gay organizations and advocacy groups

[edit] Sites critical of ex-gay movement

[edit] References

  1. ^ Throckmorton, Warren (June 2002). "Initial empirical and clinical findings concerning the change process for ex-gays". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 33: 242-248. American Psychological Association. 
  2. ^ See, e.g., Sexual Identity Institute FAQ. Retrieved 04-07-2007.
  3. ^ No easy victory. Retrieved on 2006-03-26.
  4. ^ a b Peebles, A. "It’s Not Coming Out, So Then What Is It? Sexual Identity and the Ex-Gay Narrative".
  5. ^ Courage - FAQ's
  6. ^ Exodus International Policy Statements, Exodus International. Retrieved 04-07-2007.
  7. ^ Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation & Youth: A Primer for Principals, Educators and School Personnel, American Psychological Association, et al., 1999. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  8. ^ APA Discredits 'Ex-Gay' Movement, 365Gay Newscenter, 8-11-2006. Retrieved on 04-14-2007.
  9. ^ USA - Gay Conversion. Retrieved on 2006-06-22.
  10. ^ Satinover, Jeff. Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth (1996) Baker
  11. ^ What's your "success rate" in changing gays into straights?. Retrieved on 2007-03-27.
  12. ^ No easy victory. Retrieved on 2006-03-26.
  13. ^ PATH: Positive Alternatives To Homosexuality
  14. ^ a b Exodus International - Policy Statements
  15. ^ Exodus International - Homosexual Causation: Nature or Nurture? (Part 2)
  16. ^ Aversion Therapy
  17. ^ Spitzer, Robert L. Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 32, No. 5, October 2003, pp. 403-417.
  18. ^ Throckmorton, Warren. (1998) Efforts to modify sexual orientation: A review of the outcome literature and ethical issues. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 20, 283-304
  19. ^ Peer Commentaries on Spitzer in Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32(5), 419-468, October 2003
  20. ^ A Blog By Alan Chambers
  21. ^ [1]
  22. ^ [2]
  23. ^ Andrew Comiskey at Desert Stream Press Online Store
  24. ^ INTERVIEW: Alan Medinger
  25. ^ RandomHouse.ca | Author Spotlight: Alan Medinger
  26. ^ Grace: The Risk We Need to Take - November / December 2007 Newsletter
  27. ^ Regeneration Ministries - About Us
  28. ^ RandomHouse.ca | Author Spotlight: Alan Medinger
  29. ^ God's Amazing Grace: The Testimony of Stephen Bennett
  30. ^ About the Ministries of SBM
  31. ^ SBM Online Members
  32. ^ Cooper, Anderson. "Interview with Elizabeth Birch, Stephen Bennett", CNN, June 18, 2003. 
  33. ^ MassResistance: Michael Glatze Interview with NARTH
  34. ^ John Cloud. "The Battle Over Gay Teens", Time Magazine, May 10th 2005. 
  35. ^ Michael Glatze. "How a 'gay rights' leader became straight", WorldNetDaily, July 3, 2007. 
  36. ^ NARTH and PFOX Quietly Rid Themselves of Richard Cohen (blog entry), Ex-Gay Watch, 03-31-2007. Retrieved on 04-07-2007.
  37. ^ Exodus International Policy Statements, Exodus International. Retrieved on 04-07-2007.
  38. ^ Interview with ChristianityToday
  39. ^ Interview with Clay Cane
  40. ^ Dennis Jernigan :: Shepherd's Heart Music
  41. ^ Exodus International - Mike Haley
  42. ^ Rodríguez, Cindy. ""Ex-gay" stood by to testify at Dobson vigil", The Denver Post, 2006-07-24. 
  43. ^ Cooper, Anderson. "Sex and Salvation", Anderson Cooper 360°, 2007-04-05. 
  44. ^ Exodus International - 'Gay Gene?' No Big Deal, Says Ex-Gay
  45. ^ Wen, Patricia. "'Ex-gay' ministry reaches out to Hub", The Boston Globe, 2005-10-28. 
  46. ^ Green, Joanne. "Scared Straight", Miami New Times, 2007-07-12. 
  47. ^ Exodus International - Melissa Fryrear
  48. ^ Palazzolo, Rose. "'Ex-Gay' Camps, Therapy Programs Attract Controversy", ABC News, 2005-07-28. Retrieved on 2007-10-29. 
  49. ^ Gandossy, Taylor. "Gay man, former lesbian on whether they can change", CNN, 2007-06-30. Retrieved on 2007-10-29. 
  50. ^ Kwon, Lillian (June 25 2007). Exodus Freedom Speaker Warns of 'The Gay Gospel'. Christian Post.
  51. ^ Joe Dallas l Genesis Counseling l Sexual Addiction Recovery
  52. ^ African-American Ex-Gay Pastor Explodes The Myth That Homosexuality Is No Different Than Race
  53. ^ David Matheson
  54. ^ Center for Gender Wholeness - About Us
  55. ^ Popular Speakers
  56. ^ Four Principles
  57. ^ YouTube - Coqui Zen Entertainment
  58. ^ New Page 1
  59. ^ NW World News Prayer Network: #4680
  60. ^ "Haggard Pronounced 'Completely Heterosexual'", Associated Press, 2007-02-06. 
  61. ^ "More Haggard details emerge", North Jersey Record and Herald News, 2007-02-21, pp. 1. Retrieved on 2007-02-22. 
  62. ^ Colorado Confidential:: Ted Haggard Quits New Life 'Restoration Team'
  63. ^ Church Says Haggard's Restoration 'Incomplete' - Denver News Story - KMGH Denver
  64. ^ a b Evangelical Press with additional reporting by Jody Veenker. "Ex-Gay Leader Disciplined for Gay Bar Visit", Christianity Today, 2000-10-01. Retrieved on 2007-08-29. 
  65. ^ Besen, Wayne (2003). Anything but Straight: Unmasking the Scandals and Lies Behind the Ex-Gay Myth. Harrington Park Press. ISBN 1560234458. 
  66. ^ Douglas-Brown, Laura. "Ex-gay leader Johnston allegedly had sex with men without disclosing he is HIV-positive", Southern Voice, 2003-08-08. Retrieved on 2007-08-29. 
  67. ^ Their story is one of the foci of the documentary One Nation Under God (1993), directed by Teodoro Maniaci and Francine Rzeznik.
  68. ^ Simon, Stephanie. "Approaching agreement in debate over homosexuality; More conservative Christians say being gay isn't a choice that can be changed by prayer", Los Angeles Times, 2007-06-18. Retrieved on 2007-10-13. 
  69. ^ Culver, V.. "Sessions with gays criticized: Former minister's counseling methods brought reprimands", Denver Post, 10-27-1995. 
  70. ^ Melloy, Killan. ""Ex-Gay" Counselor Convicted of Sexual Assault on Man", EDGE Boston, 2007-09-13. Retrieved on 2007-08-21. 
  71. ^ Keynote Speakers and Frequent Presenters. Evergreen International. Retrieved on 2007-09-21.
  72. ^ winnipegsun.com - Winnipeg News - Man found guilty in gay "therapy" case
  73. ^ CANOE - CNEWS - Crime: Bible college counsellor accused as gay predator
  74. ^ Cianciotto, J.; Cahill, S. (2006). Youth in the crosshairs: the third wave of ex-gay activism (pdf). National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Retrieved on 2007-08-29.
  75. ^ Talbot, T. Reparative therapy for homosexual teens: the choice of the teen should be the only choice discussed, 27 J. Juv. L. 33. 2006.
  76. ^ Cohan, J. Parental Duties and the Right of Homosexual Minors to Refuse "Reparative" Therapy, 11 Buff. Women's L.J. 67, 2002.
  77. ^ Melzer, Eartha. "Tenn. opens new probe of ‘ex-gay’ facility: Experts say children should not be forced into counseling", Washington Blade, 2005-07-01. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. 
  78. ^ Consent Order (In the matter of Duff R. Wright, Ph.D., Respondent). State of Tennessee, Department of Health (2005-04-13). Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
  79. ^ Williams, Alex. "Gay Teenager Stirs a Storm", New York Times, 2005-07-17. Retrieved on 2007-10-06. 
  80. ^ a b Zach's Release from "Love in Action" Imminent
  81. ^ Tennessee closes down Christian ex-gay camp for treating mental illness without a license, WikiNews, 09-21-2005. Retrieved on 2007-02-08.
  82. ^ a b Popper, Ben. "Love in Court: Gay-to-straight ministry and the state go to court", Memphis Flyer, 2006-02-10. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. 
  83. ^ History retrieved April 14, 2007
  84. ^ Who we areRetrieved April 14, 2007
  85. ^ Index
  86. ^ WitnessfortheWorld.org - Changing the World with Truth
  87. ^ Exodus Youth
  88. ^ NEA Ex-Gay Educators Caucus
  89. ^ Homosexuals Anonymous Fellowship Services - Home
  90. ^ People Can Change - An alternative, healing response to unwanted homosexual desires
  91. ^ a b c Our History
  92. ^ Medvandrarna
  93. ^ Til Helhet
  94. ^ basis - Foreningen AGAPE's arbejde blandt mennesker med problemfyldt seksualitet
  95. ^ Aslan - kohti eheyttä
  96. ^ http://www.totheildesvolks.nl/engels/ehah.htm
  97. ^ Webpagina van stichting Onze Weg
  98. ^ Exodus European Member Ministries Secede | Ex-Gay Watch
  99. ^ Encouragetrust
  100. ^ StraightWay - The Straight Struggle
  101. ^ welcome to EXODUS ASIA PACIFIC
  102. ^ Bagong Pagasa
  103. ^ Liberty Christian Ministries Inc. - Home
  104. ^ 歡迎您來到台灣走出埃及關懷輔導協會
  105. ^ Non-profit group gets grant to promote 'healthy gender identity'
  106. ^ Asian Beacon
  107. ^ Exodus Latinoamerica
  108. ^ Exodus.Brasil
  109. ^ Courage Latino - Inicio
  110. ^ Elías S.O.S Homepage
  111. ^ Camino De Salida
  112. ^ Es posible el cambio
  113. ^ Atzat-Nefesh
  114. ^ Home