Ernst G. Bauer
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Ernst G. Bauer (born 1928) German-American physicist. He is known for his studies in the field of surface science. His most notable contributions are his work on establishing thin film growth and nucleation mechanisms, and his invention of the low energy electron microscope. He is currently holding the position of Distinguished Research Professor at the Arizona State University.
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[edit] Biography
Ernst Bauer studied at the Munich University, Germany, where he received his MS (1953) and PhD (1955) degrees in physics. In 1958 he moved to the Michelson Laboratory in China Lake, California, where he became the Head of the Crystal Physics Branch and a U.S. citizen. He assumed the position of Professor and Director of the Physics Institute at the Technical University Clausthal, Germany, in 1969. He was appointed Distinguished Research Professor in 1991 at the Arizona State University. He continued his research activity in Germany until 1996. Since 1996 he is working full-time at the Arizona State University.
[edit] Thin Film Growth
Ernst Bauer has contributed to the field of epitaxy and film growth since the mid-fifties. He started his scientific career in Munich with the study of the growth and structure of antireflection layers with electron microscopy and electron diffraction. His PhD thesis was concerned with the structure and growth of thin evaporated layers of ionic materials and was the first systematic extensive study of epitaxial and fiber orientation growth combining electron microscopy and electron diffraction. This experimental work stimulated a basic contribution to the theory of epitaxy. He derived in 1958 a classification of the basic thin film growth modes, which he called Frank-van der Merwe (layer-by-layer growth), Volmer-Weber (island growth) and Stranski-Krastanov growth (layer+island growth). His thermodynamic criterion and terminology are used worldwide today. In the same year Ernst Bauer's book on "Electron diffraction: theory, practice and application" appeared.
[edit] Surface Science and LEEM
Soon after his arrival at the Michelson Laboratory in California surface science was born. He was involved early in it in order to understand thin film phenomena. In this period he started in situ thin film growth studies by conventional electron microscopy, UHV reflection electron diffraction, LEED and Auger electron spectroscopy. He was one of the first to recognize the importance of exchange, polarization, multiple scattering, and of the energy dependence of inelastic scattering of very slow electrons in LEED studies of surfaces, and he took them into account theoretically. The importance of adsorption on the initial growth of thin films led him also to adsorption studies. In these early years of UHV technique and surface science much of the work went into technological and methodological development. The invention in 1962 of the Low Energy Electron Microscope (LEEM) was stimulated by a scientific dispute with Lester Germer about the difficulties in the interpretation of low energy electron diffraction (LEED) patterns. Ernst Bauer realized that electron microscopy using the diffracted electrons for imaging would be extremely important for the future of the surface science. He constructed the first LEEM prototype and reported it at the Fifth International Congress for Electron Microscopy in 1962.
At the Technical University Clausthal Ernst Bauer built up a broadly based surface science group encompassing a large variety of electron and ion beam techniques as well as optical methods. The quantitative interpretation of thermal desorption spectra was developed with the goal to obtain information on the interactions in adsorption layers. Work function measurements were developed and used for the determination of the thermodynamic properties of two-dimensional systems with attractive lateral interactions. For the study of two-dimensional systems with repulsive or oscillatory interactions, his group developed LEED-diffractometry that allows the determination of critical exponents in chemisorbed layers with accuracy comparable to that achieved with x-rays in physisorbed layers. He developed electron stimulated desorption (ESD) and static SIMS for the study of adsorbed layers and ultrathin films on single crystal surfaces; alkali ion scattering (ISS) for structural analysis of surfaces; field ion microscopy (FIM) of single atoms and clusters; UHV-SEM studies of surface melting. In this period (in 1985) the LEEM came also to fruition. In the late eighties/ nineties Ernst Bauer extended the LEEM technique in two directions by developing two new surface microscopy methods: Spin-Polarized Low Energy Electron Microscopy (SPLEEM) and Spectroscopic Photo Emission and Low Energy Electron Microscopy (SPELEEM).
[edit] Awards
- Gaede Prize of the German Vacuum Society (1988) - For the invention of the Low Energy Electron Microscope.
- Medard W. Welch Award of the American Vacuum Society (1992) - for his contributions to the fundamental understanding of thin film nucleation and growth and for his invention, development and use of multiple surface characterization techniques to study those thin films.
- Niedersachsenpreis for Science (1994) - for the development of LEEM and for his thin film research.
- Award of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science’s 141st Committee on Microbeam Analysis (2003) - for outstanding research on microbeam analysis and contributions to the JSPS 141 Committee.
- BESSY Innovation Award on Synchrotron Radiation (2004) - Excellent contributions towards the development of the photoelectron emission microscope (PEEM) as energy, space and time resolved detection system of photoelectrons.
- Davisson-Germer Prize of the American Physical Society (2005) - for contributions to the science of thin-film nucleation and growth, and for the invention of Low Energy Electron Microscope.
[edit] References
- Bauer, Ernst (1958). "Phaenomenologische Theorie der Kristallabscheidung an Oberflaechen I.". Z. Kristallogr. 110: 372–394.
- Bauer, Ernst; J. H. van der Merwe (1986). "Structure and growth of crystalline superlattices: from monolayer to superlattice". Phys. Rev. B 33: 3657–3671. doi:.
- Bauer, Ernst (1994). "Low energy electron microscopy". Reports on Progress in Physics 57: 895–938. doi:.
- Bauer, Ernst (1998). "LEEM basics". Surface Review and Letters 5: 1275–1286. doi:.
[edit] External links
- [1] Web page of Ernst Bauer at Arizona State University.
