Erinaceidae

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Erinaceomorpha[1]
Fossil range: Eocene to Recent
Erinaceus europaeus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Order: Erinaceomorpha
Gregory, 1910
Family: Erinaceidae
G. Fischer, 1814
Subfamilies & Genera

Erinaceidae is the only living family in the order of the Erinaceomorpha. It contains the well-known hedgehogs (subfamily Erinaceinae) of Eurasia and Africa and the gymnures or moonrats (subfamily Galericinae) of South-east Asia. This family was once considered part of the order Insectivora, but that polyphyletic order is now considered defunct.[1]

Contents

[edit] Characteristics

Erinaceids are generally shrew-like in form, with long snouts and short tails. They are, however, much larger than shrews, ranging from 10-15 cm in body length and 40-60 grams in weight, in the case of the Short-tailed Gymnure, up to 26-45 cm and 1-1.4 kilograms in the Greater Moonrat. All but one species have five toes in each foot, in some cases with strong claws for digging, and they have large eyes and ears. Hedgehogs possess hair modified into sharp spines to form a protective covering over the upper body and flanks, while gymnures have only normal hair. All species have anal scent glands, but these are far better developed in gymnures, which can have a powerful odor[2].

Erinaceids are omnivorous, with the major part of their diet consisting of insects, earthworms, and other small invertebrates. They also eat seeds and fruit, and occasionally bird's eggs, along with any carrion they come across. Their teeth are sharp and suited for impaling invertebrate prey. The dental formula for erinaceids is:

2-3.1.4-4.3
3.1.2-4.3

Hedgehogs are nocturnal, but gymnures are less so, and may be active during the day. Many species live in simple burrows, while others construct temporary nests on the surface from leaves and grass, or shelter in hollow logs or similar hiding places. Erinaceids are solitary animals outside the breeding season, and the father plays no role in raising the young[2].

Female erinaceids give birth a gestation period of around six to seven weeks. The young are born blind and hairless, although hedgehogs begin to sprout their spines within 36 hours of birth.

[edit] Evolution

Erinaceids are a relatively primitive group of placental mammals, having changed little since their origin in the Eocene. The so-called 'giant hedgehog' (actually a gymnure) Deinogalerix, from the Miocene of Italy, was the size of a large rabbit, and may have eaten vertebrate prey or carrion, rather than insects[3].

[edit] Classification

There are 10 genera and 24 species of erinaceid.

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Hutterer, Rainer (2005-11-16). in Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 212-219. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 
  2. ^ a b Wroot, Andrew (1984). in Macdonald, D.: The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File, 750-757. ISBN 0-87196-871-1. 
  3. ^ Savage, RJG, & Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File, 48-49. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X. 
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Extant mammal orders by infraclass
Kingdom: Animalia · Phylum: Chordata · Subphylum: Vertebrata · (unranked): Amniota
Australosphenida
Metatheria
Eutheria