Epsilon calculus

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Hilbert's epsilon calculus is an extension of a formal language by the epsilon operator, where the epsilon operator substitutes for quantifiers in that language as a method leading to a proof of consistency for the extended formal language. The epsilon operator and epsilon substitution method are typically applied to a first-order predicate calculus, followed by a showing of consistency. The epsilon-extended calculus is further extended and generalized to cover those mathematical objects, classes, and categories for which there is a desire to show consistency, building on previously-shown consistency at earlier levels.[1]

Contents

[edit] Epsilon operator

For any formal language L, extend L by adding the epsilon operator to redefine quantification:

  •  \exists x\ A(x)\ \equiv \ A(\epsilon x\ A)
  •  \forall x\ A(x)\ \equiv \ A(\epsilon x\ (\neg A))

The intended interpretation of εx A is some x that satisfies A. Equality is required to be defined under L, and the only rules required for L extended by the epsilon operator are modus ponens and the substitution of A(t) to replace A(x) for any term t.[2]

[edit] Modern approaches

Hilbert's Program for mathematics was to justify those formal systems as consistent in relation to constructive or semi-constructive systems. While Gödel's results on incompleteness mooted Hilbert's Program to a great extent, modern researchers find the epsilon calculus to provide alternatives for approaching proofs of systemic consistency as described in the epsilon substitution method.

[edit] Epsilon substitution method

A theory to be checked for consistency is first embedded in an appropriate epsilon calculus. Second, a process is developed for re-writing quantified theorems to be expressed in terms of epsilon operations via the epsilon substitution method. Finally, the process must be shown to normalize the re-writing process, so that the re-written theorems satisfy the axioms of the theory.[3]

[edit] References

  • Moser, G.; R. Zach. The Epsilon Calculus (Tutorial). Berlin: Spring-Verlag. OCLC 108629234. 

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Stanford, overview paragraphs
  2. ^ Stanford, the epsilon calculus paragraphs
  3. ^ Stanford, more recent developments paragraphs