Environmental accounting

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Environmental accounting is a subset or superset of accounting proper, because its target is to incorporate both economic and environmental information. It can conduct at the corporate level or at the level of the national economy through the National Accounts of countries [1] (among other things, the National Accounts produce the estimates of Gross Domestic Product otherwise known as GDP).

Environmental Accounting is an area that is growing fastest these years which identifies resource use, measures and communicates costs of a company’s or national ecomony impact on the environment. Costs include costs to clean up or remediate contaminated sites, environmental fines, penalties and taxes, purchase of pollution prevention technologies and waste management costs.

An environmental accounting system is consisted of environmentally differentiated conventional accounting and ecological accounting. Environmentally differentiated accounting measures affects of the natural environment on a company in monetary terms. Ecological accounting measures the influence a company has on the environment, but in physical measurements.

Contents

[edit] Why environmental accounting?

There are several advantages environmental accounting would bring to business. as

[edit] Different environmental accounting disciplines

Environmental accounting contains three disciplines: Global Environmental Accounting, National Environmental Accounting and Corporate Environmental Accounting. Corporate Environmental Accounting can be further sub-divided into Environmental Management Accounting and Environmental Financial Accounting.

[edit] Global Environmental Accounting

Global environmental accounting is an accounting methodology that deals areas includes energetics, ecology and economics at a worldwide level.

[edit] National Environmental Accounting

National environmental accounting is an accounting approach that deals with economics on a country's level.

Internationally environmental accounting has been formalised into the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting, known as SEEA [2]. SEEA grows out of the System of National Accounts. The SEEA records the flows of raw materials (water, energy, minerals, wood, etc.) from the environment to the economy, the exchanges of these materials within the economy and the returns of wastes and pollutants to the environment. Also recorded are the prices or shadow prices for these materials as are environment protection expenditures. SEEA is used by 49 countries around the world [3].

[edit] Corporate Environmental Accounting

Corporate environmental accounting focuses on the cost structure and environmental performance of a company. [4]

[edit] Environmental management accounting

Environmental management accounting focus on making internal business strategy decisions. It can be defined as:

“…the identification, collection, analysis, and use of two types of information for internal decision making: 1) Physical information on the use, flows and fates of energy, water and materials (including wastes) and 2) Monetary information on environmentally related costs, earnings and savings.” [5]

As part of an Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) Project in the State of Victoria, Australia, four case studies were undertaken in 2002 involving a school (Methodist Ladies College, Perth), plastics manufacturing company (Cormack Manufacturing Pty Ltd, Sydney), provider of office services (a service division of AMP, Australia wide) and wool processing (GH Michell & Sons Pty Ltd, Adelaide). Four major accounting professionals and firms were involved in the project; KPMG (Melbourne), Price Waterhouse Coopers (Sydney), Professor Craig Deegan, RMIT University (Melbourne) and BDO Consultants Pty Ltd (Perth). In February 2003, John Thwaites, The Victorian Minister for the Environment launched the report which summarised the results of the studies; Environmental Management Accounting: An Introduction and Case Studies (Adobe PDF file, 446KB).

These studies were also supported by the Department of Environment and Heritage of the Australian Federal Government, and appear to have applied some of the principles outlined in The United Nations Division for Sustainable Development publication Environmental Management Accounting Procedures and Principles (2001)

[edit] Environmental financial accounting

Environmental financial accounting is used to provide information needed by external stakeholders on a company’s financial performance. This type of accounting allows companies to prepare financial reports for investors, lenders and other interested parties.[6]

[edit] Examples of environmental accounting systems

Emisoft's TEAMS - Total Environmental Accounting and Management System

Green Accounting for Indian States Project

[edit] References

  1. ^  Handbook of National Accounting: Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003. United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organistation for Economic Co-operation and Development and World Bank.
  2. ^ Glossary of terminology and definitions. Environmental Agency, UK. Retrieved on 2006-05-25.
  3. ^ Environmental Protection Agency (1995). "An introduction to environmental accounting as a business management tool: Key concepts and terms". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 
  4. ^ Jasch, C. (2006). "How to perform an environmental management cost assessment in one day". Journal of Cleaner Production 14 (14): 1194–1213. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.08.005. 
  5. ^  Handbook of National Accounting: Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003. United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organistation for Economic Co-operation and Development and World Bank.
  6. ^  Global Assessment of Environment Statistics and Environmental-Economic Accounting 2007. United Nations.


[edit] See also

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