Envelope manufacture
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 |
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (October 2006) |
 |
This article does not cite any references or sources. (October 2006) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. |
Envelope production, whether by hand or by machine, involves the manufacture of envelopes to carry mail. Nearly all of the estimated 450 billion envelopes made each year worldwide are machine-made.
Contents |
[edit] History of envelopes
Prior to 1845, hand-made envelopes were all that were available for use, both commercial and domestic. In 1845, Edwin Hill and Warren De La Rue were granted a British patent for the first envelope-making machine.
The "envelopes" produced by the Hill/De La Rue machine were not as we know them today. They were flat diamond, lozenge {or rhombus)-shaped sheets or "blanks" which had been precut to shape before being fed to the machine for creasing and made ready for folding to form a rectangular enclosure. The edges of the overlapping flaps treated with a paste or adhesive and the method of securing the envelope or wrapper was a user choice. The symmetrical flap arrangement meant that it could be held together with a single wax seal at the apex of the topmost flap. (That the flaps of an envelope can be held together by applying a seal at a single point is a classic design feature of an envelope).
Nearly 50 years passed before a commercially successful machine for producing pre-gummed envelopes effectively as we know them today appeared.
The origin of the use of the diamond shape for envelopes is debated. However as an alternative to simply wrapping a sheet of paper around a folded letter or an invitation and sealing the edges, it is a tidy and ostensibly paper-efficient way of producing a rectangular-faced envelope. Where the claim to be paper-efficient fails is a consequence of paper manufacturers normally making paper available in rectangular sheets, because cutting a diamond shape from a rectangular shape inevitably generates waste.
The folded diamond-shaped sheet (or "blank") was in use at the beginning of the 19th century as a novelty wrapper for invitations and letters among the segment of the population that had the time to sit and cut them out and were affluent enough not to bother about the waste offcuts.Their use first became widespread in the UK when the British government took monoply control of postal services and tasked Rowland Hill with its introduction. The new service was launched in May 1840 with a postage-paid machine-printed pictorial version of the wrapper and the much-celebrated first adhesive postage stamp: the Penny Black.The wrappers were printed and sold as a sheet of 12, with cutting the purchaser's task.The illustration on the wrapper was ridiculed and they were withdrawn and replaced by a simpler version. Nevertheless the public apparently saw the convenience of the wrapper, and it must have been obvious that with the stamp available totally plain versions of the wrapper could be produced and postage prepaid by purchasing a stamp and affixing it to the folded and secured wrapper.
In this way although the postage-prepaid printed pictorial version died ignominiously,the diamond-shaped wrapper acquired de facto official status and became readily available to the public notwithstanding the time taken to cut them out and the waste generated. With the issuing of the stamps and the operation and control of the service (which is a communications medium) in government hands the British model spread around the world and the diamond-shaped wrapper went with it.
Hill also installed his brother Edwin as The Controller of Stamps, and it was he with his partner Warren De La Rue who patented the machine for mass-producing the diamond-shaped sheets for conversion to envelopes in 1845. Today, envelope-making machine manufacture is a long- and well-established international industry, and blanks are produced with a short-arm-cross shape and a kite shape as well as diamond shape.(The short-arm-cross style is mostly encountered in "pocket" envelopes i.e. envelopes with the closing flap on a short side.The more common style, with the closing flap on a long side, are sometimes referred to was "standard" or "wallet" style for purposes of differentiation.)
The most famous paper-making machine was patented by the Frenchman Fourdrinier in 1799. The process involves taking processed pulp stock and converting it to a continuous web which is gathered as a reel. Subsequently the reel is converted to a large number of properly rectangular sheets by guillotining across it reel edge to edge.
[edit] Importance of using rectangles
The rectangle is a geometric form which occurs infrequently in nature, but has been long and widely used by mankind in the shaping of materials. By producing machine-made paper as properly rectangular sheets they are intrinsically compatible with printing and duplicating machines - which have always been primarily designed to process flat rectangular sheets, beginning with the Gutenberg press and continuing through to the present-day PC peripheral sheet printer.
Consequently, when mechanically reproducing graphics or text on an envelope the approach best compatible with printing technology is to print on the flat and then cut to shape, crease, gum and fold. In fact when producing a pictorial envelope from a diamond-shaped sheet, or any other geometrically-complex sheet, there is no option but to print before cutting and folding.
However, reproducing an item using a mechanical process always incurs costs relating solely to the machinery itself. These are "absorbed" by making as many or as much of the item as is necessary to reduce the per-unit cost to a level considered acceptable by the customer. This is referred to as exploiting economies of scale.
[edit] Modern envelope manufacture
At the end of the 20th century a top of the range envelope-making machine cost in the region of $1 million and could produce 1200 pre-gummed envelopes per minute in boxes of 1000 ready for distribution. With manufacturing costs as high as this very few envelope-making machinery manufacturers appeared in the 19th and 20th centuries, and at the beginning of the 21st century the number satisfying the world demand remained low, with a single enterprise, Winkler and Dunnebier, producing two-thirds of the machines producing the 450 billion envelopes referred to above (which includes "pockets").
Consequently too the high cost of buying these high capital investment machines has to be factored into the operating costs of any enterprise which engages in producing printed envelopes, and so their line of business is the production of very large runs of the order of 50,000 and upwards. Depending on the size of the run this can entail the use of an entire web or reel.
The result of this is that over the last 150 years or so the most common way of producing printed envelopes commercially has been to overprint on machine-made envelopes. Needless to say, only the largest of companies have a need for 50,000 or more envelopes at any one time.
The drawback is that although printing on the face of an envelope is reasonably straight- forward, an envelope is not a flat sheet of paper and so if printing is required on one or more flaps this incurs higher cost as specialist printing skill is required.
For small businesses with a need for relatively low volumes of printed envelopes, even if a case is made for a batch customised with no more than the company logo on the face, there is seldom justification for the added expense of printing on the flap side too.
However the volume-related barrier to the use of customised envelopes by small businesses was subsequently lowered in the late-20th century with the advent of the digital printing revolution which saw the introduction of PC printers. Although designed primarily to process flat rectangular sheets these could be adjusted to also overprint on the face of rectangular machine-made envelopes in spite of the extra thickness - given suitable software.See alsoMail Art).
[edit] Present and future state of envelopes
Then right at the end of the 20th century, in 1998, the digital printing revolution delivered another benefit for small businesses when the U.S. Postal Service became the first postal authority to approve the introduction of a system of applying to an envelope in the printer bin of a PC sheet printer a digital frank or stamp delivered via the Internet. With this innovation a business envelope could be produced in-house, addressed and customised with advertising information on the face, and ready to be mailed.
The fortunes of the commercial envelope manufacturing industry and the postal service go hand in hand. The advent of e-mail in the late 1990s appeared to offer a substantial threat to the postal service. The substantial concern of "technology replacing tradition" is offset by the equal reasoning that the Universal Postal Union is international, an agency of the United Nations, and a source of revenue for government.
