Entertainment Software Rating Board

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The ESRB's logo.

The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) is a self-regulatory organization that applies and enforces ratings, advertising guidelines, and online privacy principles for computer and video games and other entertainment software in North America (Quebec in 2004 and 2005).^{[citations needed]}

It was established in 1994 by the Interactive Digital Software Association (now the Entertainment Software Association). By early 2003, it had rated over 8,000 titles submitted by 350 publishers.

The decision to found the ESRB was influenced by violent content found in games such as Mortal Kombat and Night Trap and other controversial video games depicting violent or sexual situations at the time.

[edit] Overview

The seven current ratings that ESRB uses.

The ESRB applies ratings to games based on their content, similar to the motion picture rating systems used in many countries. Their aim is to aid consumers in determining a game's content and suitability. A game's rating is displayed on its box, the media, in advertisements and on game web sites.

The rating system is voluntary, so companies do not have to submit a game for rating before selling it. However, most game publishers in the United States use the system.

The rating has two parts: rating symbols and content descriptors. The rating symbols are usually found on the lower right or the lower left hand corner on the front of the box; they suggest what age group the game is best suited for. The content descriptors are found on the back of the box, usually in the lower left or right hand corner; they describe particular content elements that may be of interest or concern.

[edit] Ratings

The symbols the ESRB uses are stylized depictions of alphabetical letters meant to convey at a glance a game's suitability.

[edit] Current

	EC — Early Childhood: Contains content that is considered suitable for young children aged 3 and older. Games with this rating contain no material that parents or educators would find inappropriate. Games that fall under this rating are specifically intended for young children and are usually educational in nature.
	E — Everyone: Contains content that is suitable for children over 6 years of age. Titles in this category may contain minimal cartoon, fantasy or mild violence and/or infrequent use of mild language.
	E10+ — Everyone 10+: Contains content that is considered unsuitable for children under 10 years of age. Titles in this category may contain more cartoon, fantasy or mild violence, mild language, minimal and/or infrequent blood and/or minimal suggestive themes. The ESRB introduced the E10+ rating on March 2, 2005; Donkey Kong Jungle Beat being the first game to receive this rating.
	T — Teen: Contains content that is considered unsuitable for children under 13 years of age. Titles in this category may contain violence, suggestive themes, crude humor, minimal blood, simulated gambling, and/or infrequent use of strong language.
	M — Mature: Contains content that is considered unsuitable for teenagers and others under the age of 17. Titles in this category may contain intense violence such as blood and gore, sexual references and/or strong language. Many retailers (such as Target and Wal-Mart in the United States, Future Shop in Canada, and Best Buy in both countries) have a policy of not selling games with this rating to people under the age of 17 without parental presence and approval.[1]
	AO — Adults Only: Contains content that is considered unsuitable for those under age 18. These may include pornographic video games that depict sex and/or extreme depictions of violence that include blood and gore. As of August 2007, there have been twenty-five products which have received the rating, most of which are available on Windows and Apple Macintosh computers, as well as the Philips CD-i. The AO rating is the subject of ongoing, heated controversy due to the extreme restrictions it places on game sales. For example, all three of the major video game console manufacturers (Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft) strictly prohibit the release and sale of AO-rated games on their consoles, while major retailers do not allow AO-rated games on their shelves.[citation needed] Games from major publishers that receive an AO rating are often 'toned down' in order to gain the lesser rating of M such as Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Manhunt 2.
	RP — Rating Pending: Product has been submitted to the ESRB and is awaiting final rating. This symbol appears only in advertising prior to a game's release.

[edit] Original

The following rating has been updated and is no longer used, but it may appear on games published previously.

[edit] Content descriptors

The content descriptors are not exhaustive descriptions of all content within a game: they are applied within the context of the rating a game is assigned. For example, a Teen game with one use of strong language and numerous uses of mild language would receive a "Mild Language" descriptor. They are also not always printed as shown below. They may have additional words added to further clarify the highlighted content such as "Mild Blood" and "Mild Suggestive Themes".

[edit] Current

• Alcohol Reference — Reference to and/or images of alcoholic beverages.^[2]
• Animated Blood — Discolored and/or unrealistic depictions of blood.^[2]
• Blood — Depictions of blood.^[2]
• Blood and Gore — Depictions of blood or the mutilation (loss) of body parts.^[2]
• Cartoon Violence — Violent actions involving cartoon-like or animated situations and characters. May also include violence where a character is unharmed after the action has been inflicted.^[2]
• Comic Mischief — Depictions or dialogue involving slapstick or suggestive humor.^[2]
• Crude Humor — Depictions or dialogue involving vulgar antics, including "bathroom humor".^[2]
• Drug Reference — Reference to and/or images of illegal drugs.^[2]
• Edutainment — Combines Education with Entertainment, and refers to nothing crude, vulgar, profane, violent, or obscene. Content of product provides user with specific skills development or reinforcement learning within an entertainment setting. Skill development is an integral part of product. ^[2]
• Fantasy Violence — Violent actions of a fantasy nature, involving human or non-human characters in situations easily distinguishable from real life.^[2]
• Intense Violence — Graphic and realistic-looking depictions of physical conflict. May involve extreme and/or realistic blood, gore, weapons, and depictions of human injury and death.^[2]
• Language — Mild to moderate use of profanity.^[2]
• Lyrics — Mild references to profanity, sexuality, violence, alcohol, or drug use in music.^[2]
• Mature Humor — Depictions or dialogue involving "adult" humor, including sexual references.^[2]
• Nudity — Graphic or prolonged depictions of nudity.^[2]
• Partial Nudity — Brief and/or mild depictions of nudity.^[2]
• Real Gambling — Player can gamble, including betting or wagering real cash or currency.(Most games with this content are online playable.)^[2]
• Sexual Themes — Mild to moderate sexual references and/or depictions.
• Sexual Violence — Depictions of rape or other sexual acts such as Chinese nipple torture and prison activities.^[2]
• Simulated Gambling — Player can gamble without betting or wagering real cash or currency.^[2]
• Strong Language — Explicit and/or frequent use of profanity.^[2]
• Strong Lyrics — Explicit and/or frequent references to profanity, sex, violence, alcohol, or drug use in music.^[2]
• Strong Sexual Content — Graphic references to and/or depictions of sexual behavior.^[2]
• Suggestive Themes — Mild provocative references or materials.^[2]
• Tobacco Reference — Reference to and/or images of tobacco products.^[2]
• Use of Drugs — The consumption or use of illegal drugs.^[2]
• Use of Alcohol — The consumption of alcoholic beverages.^[2]
• Use of Tobacco — The consumption of tobacco products.^[2]
• Violence — Scenes involving aggression, such as fighting,and/or shooting ^[2]
• Violent References — References to violent acts.^[2]

[edit] Online Rating Notice

Online games that include user-generated content (e.g., chat, maps, skins) carry the notice Online Interactions Not Rated by the ESRB to warn consumers that content created by players of the game has not been rated by the ESRB. This is used to describe the fact that players online may speak in an inappropriate manner, or use foul language (which cannot be effectively rated by ESRB).^[3]

[edit] Original

The following content descriptors have been updated and are no longer used, but they may appear on games published prior to their discontinuation. Reissued games that were originally rated when the now-discontinued descriptors were used by the ESRB may still contain such descriptors on their packaging.

• Animated Blood and Gore — Cartoon or pixelated images of blood or the mutilation of body parts.
• Animated Violence — Cartoon or pixelated scenes depicting animated characters in unsafe and/or violent situations.
• Gambling — Betting-like behavior.
• Gaming — Betting-like behavior.
• Mature Sexual Themes — Provocative material, possibly including partial nudity.
• Mild Animated Violence — Mild cartoon or pixelated scenes depicting animated characters in unsafe and/or violent situations.
• Mild Realistic Violence — Mild photographic-like detailed depictions of characters in unsafe and/or violent situations.
• Reading Skills, Fine Motor Skills, Higher-Level Thinking Skills — These phrases are found only on products rated Early Childhood and indicate whether children's reading, computer, or other skills are used in these titles.
• Realistic Blood — Photographic-like detailed depictions of blood.
• Realistic Blood and Gore — Photographic-like detailed depictions of blood or the mutilation of body parts.
• Realistic Violence — Photographic-like detailed depictions of characters in unsafe and/or violent situations.

[edit] Rating process

To obtain a rating for a game, a publisher sends the ESRB videotaped footage of the most graphic and extreme content found in the game. The publisher also fills out a questionnaire describing the game's content and encloses a check for two thousand dollars or more.^[4]

On its website the ESRB states that three trained raters, working independently, watch the footage and recommend a rating. If all raters agree on the rating, content descriptors are added and the ESRB notifies the publisher of its decision. If there is no consensus, additional raters review the footage and materials, or the majority opinion rules. After the rating is agreed upon, the ESRB in-house personnel review the footage and all materials to ensure that all information is accurate and a certificate is sent to the publisher. However, that decision is not final. If the publisher wishes, they may edit the game and resubmit the footage and questionnaire in order to achieve a lower rating, or appeal the information. If this is the case, the process begins anew. The publisher may also appeal the game's rating if they wish. The appeals committee is composed of entertainment software industry representatives.

When the game is ready for release, the publisher sends copies of the final version of the game to the ESRB. The game packaging is reviewed, and the ESRB says that its in-house personnel randomly play games to ensure that all the information provided during the rating process was complete and accurate. Penalties may apply to the publisher if it is eventually found, either through the in-house personnel's playing or consumer comments that the game's content is more extreme than the publisher stated in its application.

The identities of the ESRB raters are kept confidential and selected randomly from a pool of full-time ESRB employees who live in the New York City area. According to an ESRB introductory brochure from 1994: "The raters represent a wide range of backgrounds, races, and ages and have no ties to the interactive entertainment industry. Raters include retired school principals, parents, professionals, and other individuals from all walks of life."

[edit] Background and history

The ESRB Mature rating symbol as it originally appeared. The Adults Only rating symbol simply repeated "Adults Only" on the bottom band.

As videogaming progressed into the 16-bit era, graphics and sound capabilities were dramatically increased. Blood and gore was much clearer and vibrant than 8-bit games. For example blood in an 8-bit game may look blocky and pixelated while in 16-bit it can be a fluid graphic that can easily be identified. After the release of games such as Mortal Kombat, Doom, Night Trap and Lethal Enforcers (which used the Konami Justifier), there was much controversy over video game content. Congressional hearings on video game violence and the corruption of society, headed by Joe Lieberman and Herb Kohl were held in late 1992 to 1993. The result of the hearings was that the entertainment software industry was given one year to form a workable rating system or the federal government would intervene and create its own system. Around this time, the Videogame Rating Council (VRC) was formed by Sega of America to rate mostly its own games. In 1993, the Interactive Digital Software Association (IDSA) was formed to unite the entertainment software industry. Also in 1993, the 3DO Company formed their own rating system for games released on the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer called the 3DO Rating System. In 1994, the Recreational Software Advisory Council (RSAC) was formed by the Software Publishers Association. However, because of some criticisms of the both the VRC and RSAC, the VRC was phased out in 1994 and RSAC in 1999. On July 29, 1994 the proposal from the IDSA for a rating system, the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) was presented in Congress and approved. In September 1994, the ESRB was established and became the official rater of video games in the United States. At this time, many companies who produced computer games such as LucasArts, Sierra On-Line and 3D Realms continued to follow the RSAC system as they were members of the SPA. This resulted in video games having ESRB ratings and some computer games having them as well while other computer games had RSAC ratings. Eventually, all companies, including 3DO, agreed to follow the ESRB ratings.

An example of a typical ESRB content descriptor prior to June 26, 2003.

Initially, there were five different ratings: Early Childhood, Kids to Adults, Teen, Mature and Adults Only. Shortly thereafter, the Informational and Edutainment descriptors were added. In 1996, the rating icons were altered so that it would be more clear who rated the product (this can be seen in the image of the Kids to Adults icon above). On January 1, 1998, the Kids to Adults rating was replaced with Everyone. Also in 1998, the Entertainment Software Rating Board Interactive (ESRBi) was formed which rated websites and online games. In late 1999, in order to make the rating symbols more legible, the pixelated rating icons were replaced with black and white icons. Beginning in early 2001, and continuing for the next couple of years, several of the content descriptors were retired and replaced. Content descriptors with "Animated" or "Realistic" in them had those portions removed. Also, the "Skills" descriptors used for the Early Childhood rating were removed as well. A short time later, the Gaming descriptor was changed to Gambling, which itself was split into Real and Simulated Gambling in the following years.

An example of a content descriptor post June 26, 2003.

In mid 2003, the ESRBi was closed down. On June 26, 2003, the content descriptors were made larger and more legible and newer, more thorough descriptors for violence (Cartoon, Fantasy, Intense) were added as well as a descriptor for Mature Humor. Also, the Mature and Adults Only icons had a 17+ and 18+ added to their title band in order to clearly signify the age appropriateness. On March 2, 2005, after conferring with academicians and child development experts, the Everyone 10+ rating was introduced.^[5] Originally, raters were hired on a part-time basis; as of April 2007, the ESRB employs raters full-time.^[6]

[edit] Criticism and controversy

[edit] Violence and the AO rating

The ESRB has often been accused of not rating games harshly enough for violence and other related themes. Games such as Harvester, Manhunt, Rise of the Triad and Soldier of Fortune have shown gruesome violence, yet received the M rating. Many critics have claimed that these games deserve the AO rating^[7] and were given the M for commercial reasons.^[8] Rise of the Triad in particular, received the highest violence descriptor: "Wanton and gratuitous violence" from the RSAC, which was mitigated by being rated M by the ESRB. However, in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Ontario, their respective provincial governments re-rated Soldier of Fortune and Manhunt as Restricted (not to be confused with the aforementioned R rating).^[9] The ESRB has only given out the AO rating solely for violence twice: once for The Punisher^[10] and the second time for Manhunt 2.^[11] However, both games were edited before release in order to qualify for the M category.^{[citation needed]} Another game, Thrill Kill, received an AO rating with content descriptors for Animated Violence and Animated Blood and Gore. It was never released after the original publisher, Virgin Entertainment, was purchased by Electronic Arts who was more concerned about the adult content.^[12] The violence in Thrill Kill was a concern to the ESRB as it was sexualized, with sadomasochistic activities.

Critics have claimed that the ESRB will only rate games AO if they have sexual content in them, no matter how much violence is present. Twenty-five products have been given the AO rating. One was given it for unsimulated online gambling. The rest were given it for sexual content and/or nudity. One game, Mass Effect featured as many as two sexual scenes and was still passed as an M, leading to controversy on Fox News. Another, God of War, came with many different sex scences, and, unlike Mass Effect, it was not the subject to controversies or protests. One of the games with "Strong Sexual Content" as a content descriptor also had "Realistic Blood & Gore", Riana Rouge, and another one had "Violence", Critical Point. Critical Point is an eroge, and Riana Rouge has Playboy Playmates in softcore sex scenes which leads some critics to believe that these games were rated AO because of sex, not violence. This criticism is shared with the movie rating systems. Lula 3D contains descriptors for "Blood", "Strong Language" and "Violence" in addition to sexually explicit material. Fahrenheit: Indigo Prophecy Director's Cut also received the AO rating. While the game contains content identical to the original North American version titled Indigo Prophecy ("Blood", "Strong Language", "Use of Drugs and Alcohol" and "Violence"), the only content which was added in the director's cut version was sex scenes with nudity, one of which was interactive. Much like Fahrenheit, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas received an AO rating because interactive sex scenes could be accessed in the game. Some critics believed that the ESRB in-house personnel may have overreacted to the attention the game received from the federal government and that the mini-game (which contained no nudity) was not explicit enough to have been re-rated. It should be noted that many adult oriented products, including erotica, have actually received M ratings.^[13] However, these products are not carried by major retailers (and many are usually grouped with adult products anyway) because of the sexual content. Other video games such as The Sims have had questionable ratings not for violence or sexual aspects, but for other attributes including the ability to control the computer characters' lives. One study reported that young boys even found the game too mature for them because you can force simulated family members to kiss, starve, urinate themselves, and even die.^[14]

This section does not cite any references or sources. (May 2008) Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

Conversely ESRB has also come under fire for what a large part of gamers feel is extreme rating and monopoly of retailers to enforce their system. Of note is the fact that ESRB reviewers typically do not actually play the games they rate (though they have been known to refer to a game's beta or alpha if more information is needed), and are frequently not gamers themselves. Between this, and the fact that the ESRB's success has been gauged largely by parent polls only, many gamers and gaming communities have long expressed frustration and resentment toward the ESRB. Of further frustration to some is the fact that many retailers refuse to sell "M-rated" games to minors. The allegation that changes in game rating and selling policies in the past have occurred due to federal attention has further exacerbated frustrations, with some gamers calling for reform and still others demanding the dismantlement of ESRB itself. As a side note, almost all retailers refuse to sell games without an ESRB rating, giving ESRB a very strong grip on the industry and issuing a veritable death sentence for games looking to dodge approval.

[edit] Hidden content

Main articles: Hot Coffee minigame controversy and ESRB re-rating of The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion

In 2005, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas for Windows was modified by players into allowing one to play an incomplete sex mini-game known as "Hot Coffee" that Rockstar North decided to leave out of the final game. California assemblyperson Leland Yee used the situation to rebuke them both and has cited this as a case of the ESRB not doing its job. U.S. Senators Hillary Clinton and Joe Lieberman, a video game censorship advocate, joined in on the disapproval. Rockstar initially claimed that the code was actually rewritten and that gamers are altering the games content, not just unlocking the game. However, their stance changed when it came to light that the console versions of San Andreas were also modifiable through the assistance of a third-party cheat device. In light of this, Rockstar conceded that the disputed scene was in the final game on all formats.^[15] The ESRB responded to the controversy by re-evaluating San Andreas' M rating and changing it to AO. This would make Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas the most popular and best selling game to receive this rating. Rockstar released a patch that disabled the modification on PC versions. Rockstar also re-released the game, bearing the title of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Second Edition, which did not include the necessary files for "Hot Coffee" and bore the game's original M rating.

In 2006, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion had its rating changed from T to M due to "more detailed depictions of blood and gore than were considered in the original rating, as well as a mod that, if accessed through a third-party modification to the PC version of the game, allows the user to play with topless versions of female characters."^{[citation needed]} The game's publisher decided not to remaster or rerelease the game to remove the hidden texture, stating that it believed the original rating was the most accurate assessment of what parents should expect from the game, since the texture was intended to be inaccessible to players. However, this texture was actually only used to provide a non-clipping texture for some armor types.^[16][17][18]

Rockstar Games' Manhunt 2 was postponed for three months in the United States as well as several other countries and continents due to uncensored relentless violence and gore. The game was given an initial AO rating by the ESRB and received a revised M rating after numerous edits. It was released on October 31, 2007. Less than a week after the release, it was discovered that it was possible to modify the PS2 and PSP versions of the game to erase the patches that censored the violent content. Rockstar Games has since claimed that even with the unauthorized patches that remove some of the screen blurring that many of the scenes were toned down from the original version submitted to the ESRB for rating. Following that, the ESRB chose not to change the game's rating after the drawn-out process of giving it the M rating.

[edit] Blocking content

The ESRB has initiated restrictions which prevent minors from downloading M rated or unrated content from Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network or the Wii Shop Channel, stemming from the fact that M rated content is blocked from those under the age of 17.^[19]

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• FCC
• Censorship
• Censorship in the United States
• Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) film rating system, the U.S. film industry equivalent to ESRB
• Pan European Game Information (PEGI), used in many European countries, not associated with the European Union.
• TV Parental Guidelines

[edit] International rating systems

• Australia - Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)
• Europe (excluding Germany) - Pan European Game Information
• Finland - Valtion elokuvatarkastamo, Finnish Board of Film Classification
• Germany - Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle
• Japan - Computer Entertainment Rating Organization
• New Zealand - Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)
• United Kingdom - British Board of Film Classification

[edit] External links

• Official Website - ESRB.org
• The ESRB Game Ratings & Descriptor Guide