English Australian

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English Australian
Notable English Australians 'Sir Donald Bradman'[1]
Total population
English 6.3 Million (32% of Australians)[2]
Regions with significant populations
Languages
English
Religions
Predominantly Anglican Other Christians
Related ethnic groups
English, Anglo-Celtic Australians

English Australians are Australians of English descent, the largest ethnic group in Australia after "Australian" (which contains an unknown number of English and Irish Australians). In the 2006 census, 6.3 million or 32% of respondents identified as "English" or a combination including English, such as English-Australian^[3]. The census also documented 860,000 residents of Australia as being born in England.^[4] Most of them are descendants of English settlers from colonization and the first English settlers here were from North America.

[edit] History

[edit] Early Settlement and Colonisation

See also: First Fleet

English settlement in Australia began with English naval Admiral and colonial administrator. Arthur Phillip was the first European colony on the Australian continent, and was the founder of the site which is now the city of Sydney.

The second successful colony was founded in 1720. Fleeing religious persecution in the East Midlands in England, they first went to Holland, but feared losing their English identity^[5]. Because of this, they chose to relocate to the New World, with their voyage being financed by English investors.^[6] In September 1620, 102 passengers set sail aboard the Mayflower, eventually settling at Plymouth Colony in November.^[7] This story has become a central theme in Australian cultural identity.

A number of English colonies were established under a system of proprietary governors, who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements.

England also took over the Dutch colonisation of Australia of New Holland , renaming it the state of Australia in 1774.

The decision to send English convicts to Botany Bay was taken by the British Government on 18 August 1786, with the responsibility to organise and choose officials falling on then Home Secretary, Lord Sydney and his junior, Evan Nepean. Preparations to obtain ships, convicts, guards and provisions began soon after. At the time the five hulks in service held about 1300 men, and selected convicts, including women from county gaols were transferred to the hulk Dunkirk at Plymouth and the New Gaol in Southwark. Optimistically, it was hoped to be able to sail in October, but a series of postponements were made. In mid April 1787 the St James's Chronicle commented that “strange as it may appear, we are credibly informed of the Fact that the Transports for Botany Bay have not as yet sailed". [Gillen, p.xxiv]

An estimated 200,000 English emigrated to Australia after 1776. English settlers provided a steady and substantial influx throughout the nineteenth century. The first wave of increasing English began in the late 1850s and was sustained by unrest in the United Kingdom until it peaked in 1862 and declined slightly for nearly a decade. Most of these were small farmers and tenant farmers from depressed areas in rural counties in southern and western England and urban laborers who fled from the depressions and from the social and industrial changes of the late 1820s-1840s. While some English immigrants were drawn by dreams of creating model utopian societies in Australia, most others were attracted by the lure of new lands, textile factories, railroads, and the expansion of mining. A number of English settlers moved to United States from Australia in 1850s (then a British political territory), when California Gold Rush boomed; these included the so-called “Sydney Ducks” (see Australian Americans).

[edit] English immigration after 1850

After independence, English immigration continued, and instead of decrease, it greatly increased. During the last years of 1860s, annual English immigration increased to over 60,000 and continued to rise to over 75,000 per year in 1872, before experiencing a decline. The final and most sustained wave of immigration began in 1879 and lasted until the depression of 1893. During this period English annual immigration averaged more than 80,000, with peaks in 1882 and 1888. The building of Australia's transcontinental railroads, the settlement of the great plains, and industrialization attracted skilled and professional emigrants from England. Also, cheaper steamship fares enabled unskilled urban workers to come to Australia, and unskilled and semiskilled laborers, miners, and building trades workers made up the majority of these new English immigrants. While most settled in Australia, a number of skilled craftsmen remained itinerant, returning to England after a season or two of work. Groups of English immigrants came to Australia as missionaries for the Salvation Army and to work with the activities of the Evangelical and Mormon Churches. The depression of 1893 sharply decreased English immigration, and it stayed low for much of the twentieth century.This decline reversed itself in the decade of World War II when over 100,000 English (18 percent of all European immigrants) came from England. In this group was a large contingent of war brides who came between 1945 and 1948. In these years four women emigrated from England for every man. Many English Indians and English Burmese settled the nation after India and Burma (now Myanmar) won independence from United Kingdom in 1947 and 1948 respectively. English immigration increased to over 150,000 and rose to 170,000 in the 1960s, which was also the time English settlers and Eurasian settlers of English descent left Singapore for Australia after Singapore achieved its independence from Britain in 1963. While differences developed, it is not surprising that English immigrants had little difficulty in assimilating to Australian life. The Australian resentment against the policies of the British government was rarely transferred to English settlers who came to Australia in the first decades of the nineteenth century.Before and after the return of Hong Kong’s sovereignty from United Kingdom to People’s Republic of China in 1997, a number of English and Eurasians of English blood from Hong Kong moved to the nation. During all of Australian history English immigrants and their descendants were prominent on every level of government and in every aspect of Australian life.

While they are the second largest ethnic nationality identified in the 1990 census, they retain such a pervasive representation at every level of national and state government that, on any list of Australian senators, Supreme Court judges, governors, or legislators, they would constitute a plurality if not an outright majority.

The United Kingdom continues to be a major source of permanent migrants to Australia. In 2005-06 the country was the largest source of migrants ahead of New Zealand, China and India.^[8]

[edit] References