Enfilade (architecture)
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An enfilade, in architecture, is a suite of rooms formally aligned with each other. This was a common feature in grand European architecture from the Baroque period onwards, although there are earlier examples, such as the Vatican stanze. The doors entering each room are aligned with the doors of the connecting rooms along a single axis, providing a vista through the entire suite of rooms. The enfilade can be used as a processional route, and is a common arrangement in museums and art galleries, as it facilitates the movement of large numbers of people through a building.
In a Baroque palace, access down an enfilade suite of state rooms was typically restricted by the rank or degree of intimacy of the visitor. The first rooms were more public, and at the end was usually the bedroom, sometimes with an intimate cabinet or boudoir beyond. Baroque protocol dictated that visitors of lower rank than their host would be escorted by servants down the enfilade to the furthest room their status allowed. If the visitor was of equal or higher access, the host would himself advance down the enfilade to meet his guest, before taking him back. At parting, the same ritual would be observed, though the host might pay his guest a compliment by taking him back further than his rank strictly dictated. If a person of much higher rank visited, these rituals extended beyond the enfilade to the entrance hall, the gates to the palace, or beyond (in modern State visits, to the airport). Memoirs and letters of the period often note the exact details of where meetings and partings occurred, even to whether they were in the centre of the room, or at the door.
Royal palaces often had separate enfiladed state apartments for the King and Queen, as at the Palace of Versailles, with the Grand appartement du roi and the Grand appartement de la reine (not to mention the Petit appartement du roi), or at Hampton Court Palace. Such suites were also used for entertaining. Noblemen's houses, especially if a visit from the monarch was hoped for, also often feature enfiladed suites, as at Chatsworth House, Blenheim Palace, the Château de Louveciennes or Boughton House. The bedrooms in such suites were often only slept in on royal visits, though like many grand bedrooms before the 19th century, they might be used for other purposes. Other enfilades culminated in a room used as a throne room - the Palace of Westminster below comes into this category, as the monarch sits on a throne in the chamber of the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament.
Sir Charles Barry's Houses of Parliament, also known as the Palace of Westminster, has an enfilade of three Royal apartments which continues through the two legislative Chambers of the Lords and Commons. The enfilade of State Rooms presents a view from the Robing Room and Royal Gallery - B and C on the plan at right - through to the Prince's Chamber, which is separated by two side doors from the Lords' Chamber (D). From the throne in the Lords' Chamber there is an uninterrupted view through three lobbies - Lords', Central, and Members' Lobby - to the Commons Chamber at the other end of the Palace. (Lords' Lobby and Members' Lobby are the round and square spaces to the left and right of E on the Plan.)
Barry also used a number of enfilades in his National Gallery, London, built as an art gallery, and these have been extended and added to in the recent Sainsbury Wing, despite the wing being at an angle to the earlier building, so that now the view down the longest enfilade goes across fifteen rooms.[1]
