Empress of Northern Zhou

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Northern Zhou had nine empresses in its history (although the first two used the alternative title of "Heavenly Princess" (天王后, Tian Wanghou)), five of whom were the wives of emperors:

  1. Empress Yuan Humo (r. 557), the wife of Emperor Xiaomin.
  2. Empress Dugu (r. 558), the wife of Emperor Ming.
  3. Empress Ashina (r. 568-578), the wife of Emperor Wu.
  4. Empress Yang Lihua (r. 578-579), the wife of Emperor Xuan.
  5. Empress Sima Lingji (r. 579-580), the wife of Emperor Jing.

Further, Emperor Xuan, after he had become retired emperor, created four of his concubines empresses as well, in contravention to the convention of having only the emperor's wife being empress:

  1. Empress Chen Yueyi.
  2. Empress Weichi Chifan.
  3. Empress Yuan Leshang.
  4. Empress Zhu Manyue.
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