Empress Matilda

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Matilda
Holy Roman Empress
Lady of the English; Countess of Anjou (more...)
Reign
Empress consort		 April – November 1141
7 January 1114 – 23 May 1125
Predecessor Stephen
Successor Stephen
Consort to

Consort		 Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
m. 1114 dec. 1125
Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
m. 1128 dec. 1151
Issue
Henry II
Geoffrey VI, Count of Anjou
William, Count of Poitou
Titles and styles
Lady of the English
Countess of Anjou
Holy Roman Empress
Royal house House of Plantagenet
Salian dynasty
House of Normandy
Father Henry I
Mother Matilda of Scotland
Born 7 February 1102
Winchester
Died 10 September 1167
Rouen
Burial Rouen

Empress Matilda (sometimes Maud or Maude; later Countess of Anjou and Lady of the English; 7 February 1102 – 10 September 1167) was the daughter and dispossessed heir of Henry I of England. She was married to Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, and then to Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, by whom she became the mother of Henry II of England.

Matilda was the first female ruler, although uncrowned and for a brief time, of the Kingdom of England. Her failure to secure that rule meant that her temporary and disputed period of reign in 1141 was extremely brief. She is often excluded from lists of English monarchs and even the official British monarchy website excludes her, listing Stephen of England as king from 1135-1154.

As many of her contemporaries or near contemporaries were also called Matilda in Latin texts, she is sometimes called Maude to distinguish her. This is merely a modernised spelling of the Norman-French form of her name, Mahaut.

Contents

[edit] Holy Roman Empress

Matilda was born on 7 February 1102[1] to Henry I of England and his wife Matilda of Scotland. Her maternal grandparents were Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland. Margaret was a daughter of Edward the Exile and granddaughter of Edmund II of England.

Her birth is generally said to have taken place at Winchester, though recent research by the late John Fletcher (1990) suggests it may have occurred at the royal palace at Sutton Courtenay in Berkshire.

When she was seven years old, Matilda was betrothed to Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, and was sent to the Holy Roman Empire in 1111 to begin her training as his consort. Matilda and Henry were married at Worms on January 7, 1114 in a splendid ceremony. In March 1116 Matilda and Henry visited Rome and Tuscany, and she acted as Regent in his absence.

When Henry died in 1125, he left Matilda a childless widow of twenty-three. The Imperial couple allegedly had no surviving offspring. Hermann of Tournai states that Maud bore a child that lived only a short while. Matilda's brother, William Adelin, had perished several years before in the wreck of the White Ship, leaving Matilda the only legitimate heir to the English throne.

Despite being known most popularly by the title of "Empress" due to her first marriage, Matilda's right to the title was dubious. She was never crowned Holy Roman Empress by a legitimate Pope (generally recognised as required to claim the title), only as German Queen by her husband's Bishops and formally her correct title was "Queen of the Romans". However, "Empress" was arguably an appropriate courtesy title for the wife of an Emperor who had been crowned by the Pope, and indeed, in later years she encouraged chroniclers to believe that the Pope had crowned her.

[edit] Second marriage to Geoffrey of Anjou

Matilda returned to England, where her father named her his heir with the agreement of the Anglo-Norman barons, who swore (in 1127) to accept her as ruler if Henry I had no son, and arranged another marriage for her. On June 17, 1128, she was married again, at Le Mans in Anjou, to Geoffrey of Anjou, who was eleven years her junior. He was nicknamed "Plantagenet" from the broom flower (planta genista) which he took as his emblem, hence the name of the line of English kings descended from him. He was at this time Count of Maine and heir to his father Fulk V of Anjou.

The marriage was not a happy one, and Matilda separated from him and returned to her father. She returned to Geoffrey in 1131, and they were reconciled. They produced three sons, the eldest of whom, Henry, was born on March 5, 1133. The birth of her second son, Geoffrey, Count of Nantes, in 1134, was difficult and Matilda nearly died in childbirth. Her third son, born in 1136, was William, Count of Poitou. Her father King Henry came to visit and took "great delight" in his grandsons.[citation needed] King Henry and Geoffrey quarreled, and so when her father died on December 1, 1135 in Normandy, Matilda was with Geoffrey in Anjou.

[edit] Struggle for throne of England

English Royalty
House of Plantagenet

Armorial of Plantagenet
Matilda
   Henry II
   Geoffrey, Count of Nantes
   William, Count of Poitou

On the death of her father, Henry I, in 1135, Matilda expected to succeed to the throne of England, but her cousin, Stephen of Blois, a nephew of Henry I, usurped the throne with the support of most of the barons, breaking the oath he had previously made to defend her rights. An immediate reason for this was that Stephen was in England, whilst Matilda was in Anjou. The civil war which followed was bitter and prolonged, with neither side gaining the ascendancy for long, but it was not until 1139 that Matilda could command the military strength necessary to challenge Stephen within his own realm, including battles at Beverston Castle and other sites. Stephen's wife, the Countess of Boulogne who was also named Matilda, was the Empress's maternal cousin. During the war, Matilda's most loyal and capable supporter was her illegitimate half-brother, Robert of Gloucester.

Matilda's greatest triumph came in April 1141, when her forces defeated and captured King Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln (1141). He was made a prisoner and effectively deposed. Although she now controlled the kingdom, Matilda never styled herself Queen but took the title "Lady of the English", possibly modeled on the Anglo-Saxon practice of naming female rulers "Lady of the..." such as King Alfred the Great's daughter Ethelfleda, Lady of the Mercians. Also the term Queen in Anglo-Saxon (cwen) had the connotation of wife, not a female ruler, so the distinction was necessary.

Her advantage lasted only a few months. When she marched on London, the city was ready to welcome her and support a coronation. However, she refused the citizens' request to have their taxes halved. On 24 June 1141, she found the gates of London shut and the civil war reignited. By November, Stephen was free, having been exchanged for the captured Robert of Gloucester, Matilda's half-brother, and a year later, the tables were turned when Matilda was besieged at Oxford but escaped to Wallingford, supposedly by fleeing across the snow-covered land in a white cape. In 1141 she had escaped Devizes in a similarly clever manner, by disguising herself as a corpse and being carried out for burial. In 1148, Matilda was finally forced to return to France, following the death of Robert of Gloucester.

[edit] Later life

All hope was not lost. Matilda's son, (Henry), was showing signs of becoming a successful leader. Although the civil war had been decided in Stephen's favour, his reign was troubled. In 1153, the death of his son Eustace, combined with the arrival of a military expedition led by Henry, led him to acknowledge the latter as his heir by the Treaty of Wallingford.

Matilda retired to Rouen in Normandy during her last years, where she maintained her own court and presided over the government of the duchy in the absence of Henry. She intervened in the quarrels between her eldest son Henry and her second son Geoffrey, but peace between the brothers was brief. Geoffrey rebelled against Henry twice before his sudden death in 1158. Relations between Henry and his youngest brother, William, were more cordial, and William was given vast estates in England. Archbishop Thomas Becket refused to allow William to marry the Countess of Surrey and the young man fled to Matilda's court at Rouen. William, who was his mother's favourite child, died there in January 1164, reportedly of disappointment and sorrow. She attempted to mediate in the quarrel between her son Henry and Becket, but was unsuccessful.

Despite her tenure as "Lady of the English", Matilda was never loved by the people of her native land, who found her too foreign and haughty.[citation needed] The citizens of London were particularly aggrieved by her financial demands. She spoke three languages: French, German, and Latin. Although she gave up hope of being crowned Queen in 1141, her name always preceded that of her son Henry, even after he became king. Matilda died at in Notre Dame de Prés near Rouen and was buried in the Abbey church of Bec-Hellouin. Her body was transferred to the Cathedral of Rouen in 1847; her epitaph reads: "Great by Birth, Greater by Marriage, Greatest in her Offspring: Here lies Matilda, the daughter, wife, and mother of Henry."

[edit] Historical fiction

The civil war between supporters of Stephen and the supporters of Matilda has proven popular as a subject in historical fiction. Novels dealing with it include:

Indeed, some romance-type historical novels go so far as to posit a love-affair between Matilda and Stephen. The Janna Mysteries- Felicity Pullman Set during the civil war between Stephen and Matilda

Matilda has been played on screen by Martita Hunt in the film adaptation of Jean Anouilh's play Becket (1964) and by Brenda Bruce in the BBC TV series The Devil's Crown (1978).

[edit] Ancestors

Matilda's ancestors in three generations
Empress Matilda Father:
Henry I of England		 Paternal Grandfather:
William I of England		 Paternal Great-grandfather:
Robert the Magnificent
Paternal Great-grandmother:
Herleva
Paternal Grandmother:
Matilda of Flanders		 Paternal Great-grandfather:
Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
Paternal Great-grandmother:
Adela of France, Countess of Flanders
Mother:
Matilda of Scotland		 Maternal Grandfather:
Malcolm III of Scotland		 Maternal Great-grandfather:
Duncan I of Scotland
Maternal Great-grandmother:
Suthen?
Maternal Grandmother:
Saint Margaret of Scotland		 Maternal Great-grandfather:
Edward the Exile
Maternal Great-grandmother:
Agatha

[edit] Sources

  • Gervase of Canterbury
  • Robert of Torigny
  • Roger of Hoveden
  • Gesta Stephani
  • Walter Map
  • Bradbury, J. (1996) Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 1139-1153, Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0-7509-0612-X
  • Chibnall,Marjorie (1991) The Empress Matilda:Queen Consort, Queen Mother, and Lady of the English
  • Fletcher, John (1990) Sutton Courtenay: The History of a Thameside Village
  • Pain, Nesta (1978) Empress Matilda: Uncrowned Queen of England
  • Parsons, John Carmi. Medieval Mothering (New Middle Ages), sub. Marjorie Chibnall, "Empress Matilda and Her Sons"
  • Gardener J and Wenborn W the History Today Companion to British History
Empress Matilda
Born: February 1102 Died: 10 September 1167
German royalty
Preceded by
Constanze of Sicily		 German Queen
1114–1125		 Succeeded by
Richenza of Northeim
Preceded by
Eupraxia of Kiev		 Empress of the Holy Roman Empire
1114–1125
English royalty
Preceded by
William Adelin		 Heir to the English Throne
as heiress presumptive
22 November 1120 (acknowledged 1127) - 1 December 1135		 Succeeded by
Eustace IV of Boulogne
v • d • e
English Monarchs
Overlords (or Bretwaldas)
of the English
Monarchs (pre-Conquest)
of England
Monarchs (post-Conquest)
of England
William I the Conqueror · William II Rufus · Henry I · Stephen · Matilda · Henry II · Richard I the Lionheart · John† · Henry III† · Edward I† · Edward II† · Edward III† · Richard II† · Henry IV Bolingbroke† · Henry V† · Henry VI† · Edward IV† · Edward V† · Richard III† · Henry VII† · Henry VIII† · Edward VI† · Jane† · Mary I† · Elizabeth I† · James I‡ · Charles I‡ · Commonwealth · Charles II‡ · James II‡ · William III‡ with Mary II‡ · William III‡ · Anne‡
Also King/Overlord of Great Britain. † Also Lord/Monarch of Ireland. ‡ Also Monarch of Scotland and Ireland.