Emperor Shirakawa
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Emperor Shirakawa (白河天皇 Shirakawa-tennō) (July 7, 1053 – July 24, 1129) was the 72nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from January 18, 1073 to January 5, 1087.[1]
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[edit] Genealogy
Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina)[2] was Sadahito-shinnō (貞仁親王).[3]
He was the eldest son of Emperor Go-Sanjō.
Shirakawa had one Empress and one Imperial Consort and nine Imperial sons and daughters.[4]
- 1074–1077 Imperial Prince Atsufumi (敦文親王)
- 1075–1105 Prince Kakugyō (覚行法親王)—Buddhist Priest
- 1076–1096 Imperial Princess ?? (媞子内親王), Empress Dowager Ikuyoshi (郁芳門院)
- 1076–1131 Imperial Princess ?? (善子内親王)—Rokkaku >saigū (Imperial Princess serving at the Grand Shrine of Ise)
- 1078–1144 Imperial Princess ?? (令子内親王)—saigū
- 1079–1107 Imperial Princes Taruhito (善仁親王)—Emperor Horikawa
- 1081–1156 Imperial Princess ?? (禛子内親王)—Tsuchimikado Saiin (土御門斎院)
- 1090–???? Imperial Princess ?? (宮子内親王)—Saiin (斎院)
- 1092–1153 Prince ?? (覚法法親王)—Buddhist Priest
- 1093–1132 Imperial Princess Junko (恂子内親王)—Higuchi saigū 樋口斎宮
- 1094–1137 Prince ?? (聖恵法親王)—Buddhist Priest
- 1101–1165 Gyōkei (行慶)—High Priest
- 1128–???? Engyō? (円行)
- ?? (静證)
[edit] Empresses and consorts
- 1057–1084 Empress (chūgū): Fujiwara ?? (藤原賢子)—daughter of Minamoto Akifusa (源顕房), adopted by Fujiwara Morozane (藤原師実); mother of Emperor Horikawa
- 1042–1132 Court Lady: Fujiwara ?? (藤原道子)—daughter of Fujiwara ?? (藤原能長)
- 1070–1148 Court Lady: Minamoto ?? (源師子)—daughter of Minamoto Akifusa (源顕房), later wife of Fujiwara no Tadazane (藤原忠実)
- Lady-in-waiting Fujiwara ?? (藤原佳子)
[edit] Events of Shirakawa's life
He was the first emperor to ostensibly retire to a monastery, but in fact continue to exert considerable influence over his successor. This process would become known as cloistered rule.
When he was very young, his relations with his father were very cold, but in 1068, when his father was enthroned, he was proclaimed a shinnō (Imperial Prince), becoming Imperial Prince Sadahito. In 1069, he became Crown Prince and in due course, he became emperor at the age of 19.
- Enkyū 5, on the 8th day of the 12th month (1072): In the 6th year of Emperor Go-Sanjō-tennō's reign (桓武天皇6年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Shirakawa is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).[5]
A kampaku was put in place, but Shirakawa attempted to rule directly, like his father. He attempted to regulate the shōen (manor) system, working to weaken the influence of the sekkan lines.
- Jōhō 1, in the 1st month (1074): Dianagon Minamoto- no Takakune asked to be relieved of his duties because of his age. He was 71, and he wanted to retire to Uji. In his retirment, he was visited by many friends with whom he pursued research into the history of Japan. He brought this work together in a book.[6]
- Jōhō 1, on the 7th day of the 2nd month (1074): The former kampaku Fujiwara Yorimichi died at the age of 83. In this same period, his sister, the widow of Emperor Ichijo, died at the age of 87.[6]
- Jōhō 1, on the 3rd day of the 10th month (1074): Empress Jōtō-mon In died at the age of 87.[7]
- Jōryaku 1, in the 1st month (1077): Shirakawa went to the Kamo Shrines; and he visited Kiyomizu-dera and other Buddhist temples.[8]
- Jōryaku 1, in the 2nd month (1077): Udaijin Minamoto no Morofusa died at of an ulcer at the age of 70.[8]
- Jōryaku 1 (1077): The emperor caused Hosshō-ji (dedicated to the "Superiority of Buddhist Law") to be built at Shirakawa in fulfillment of a sacred vow. This temple became only the first of a series of "sacred vow" temples to be created by Imperial decree. Hosshō-ji's nine-storied pagoda would become the most elaborate Imperial-sponsored temple structure ever erected up to this time.[9]
- Jōryaku 3, in the 10th month (1079): The emperor visited the Fushimi Inari-taisha at the foot of Mount Fushimi and the Yasaka Shrine.[8]
- Eihō 1, on the 15th day of the 4th month (1081): The Buddhist Temple of Miidera was set on fire by the monks of a rival sect on Mt. Hiei.[10]
- Eihō 1,on the 4th day of the 6th month (1081): Miidera was burned again by monks from Mt. Hiei.[11]
- Eihō 3, in the 10th month (1083): At Hosshō-ji, construction begins on a nine-story pagoda.[12]
- Ōtoku 1, in the 9th month (1084): The empress Kenshi, the emperor's principal consort, died. Shirakawa was afflicted with great grief, and for a time, he turned over the administration of the government to his ministers.[12]
- Ōtoku 3, in the 9th month (1084): Shirakawa announced his intention to abdicate in favor of his son.[12]
- Ōtoku 3, on the 26th day of the 11th month (1084): Shirakawa formally abdicated,[10] and he took the title Daijō-tennō.[12] Shirakawa had personally occupied the throne for 14 years; and for the next 43 years, he would exercise broad powers in what will come to be known as cloistered rule.[13]
Go-Sanjō had wished for Shirakawa's younger half-brother to succeed him to the throne. In 1085, this half-brother died of an illness; and Shirakawa's own son, Taruhito-shinnō (善仁親王) became Crown Prince.
On the same day that Taruhito was proclaimed as his heir, Shirakawa abdicated;, and Taruhito became Emperor Horikawa. The now-retired Emperor Shirakawa ws the firt to attempt what became customary cloistered rule. He exercised power, ruling indirectly from the Shirakawa-in (lit. "White River Mansion/Temple"); nevertheless, nominal sesshō and kampaku offices continued to exist for a long time.
- Kanji 1, in the 5th month (1087): Daijō-tennō Shirakawa retired himself to Uji.[14]
- Kanji 2, in the 1st month (1088): The emperor paid a visit to his father's home.[15]
- Kanji 2, in the 1oth month (1088): Shirakawa visited the temples at Mt. Hiei.[15]
- Kanji 2, on the 14th day of the 12th month (1088): The sesshō Fujiwara Morozane was given additional honors with the further title of daijō-daijin.[16] In this context, it matters a great deal that the mother of Emperor Horikowa, formerly the daughter of udaijin Minamoto no Akifusa, was also formerly the adopted child of Morozane.[17]
- Kanji 3, in the 5th month (1089): Shirakawa made a second visit to Mt. Hiei; and this time, he stayed seven days.[15]
- Kanji 4, in the 12th month (1090): Fujiwara Morozane was releaves of his responsibilities as sesshō and he was simultaneously named kampaku.[15]
- Kanji 8, on the 8th day of the 3rd month (1094): Morozane resigned from his position as kampaku.[18]
- Kahō 2, in the 4th month (1095): Emperor Horikawa paid visits to the Shinto Iwashimizu Shrine and to the Shinto Kamo Shrines.[19]
- Kahō 2, in the 8th month (1095): The emperor was stricken with intermittent fevers; and he ordered prayers to be offered for his return to good health. After Horikawa recovered his health, he was generous and appreciative to the Buddhist priests who had prayed for his recovery.[19]
- Kahō 2, in the 11th month (1095): The Buddhist priests of Mt. Hiei came down from their mountain to protest a dispute with Minamoto Yoshitsuna and other government officials which had led to military action and bloodshed. The priests carried a portable shrine as far as the central hall of Enryaku-ji, where a curse was laid on daijō-daijin Fujiwara Moromichi.[20]
- Kahō 3, on the 9th day of the 11th month (1096): Former-Emperor Shirakawa entered the Buddhist priesthood at the age of 44.[10]
In 1096, on the occasion of his daughter's death, Shirakawa entered a monastery under the name of Yūkan (融観); and thus, he became a hō-ō (法皇), which is the title accorded to a former emperor who has become a monk.
After the death of Emperor Horikawa, Shirakawa's grandson became Emperor Toba. Shirakawa was still alive when Toba abdicated in turn to his son, who became Emperor Sutoku. By the time of his death in 1129, he had ruled as cloistered Emperor for 41 years and through the reigns of three emperors who were effectively little more than figureheads.
The name Shirakawa comes from Shirakawa-in (白河院), the name of the residence from which he conducted his cloistered rule after abdicating the throne. Another name was Rokujō no Mikado (六条帝, Mikado being an old name for the Emperor of Japan).
[edit] Kugyō
Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Shirakawa's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:
- Kampaku, Fujiwara Norimichi, 997-1075.[21]
- Kampaku, Fujiwara Morozane, 1042-1101.[21]
- Sadaijin, Fujiwara Morozane.[21]
- Udaijin
- Nadaijin, Fujiwara Moroomichi, 1062-1099.[21]
- Dainagon, Minamoto no Takakune.[6]
[edit] Eras of Shirakawa's reign
The years of Shirakawa's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[22]
[edit] References
- ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 169-171; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 315-317; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 199-202.
- ^ Brown, pp. 264. [Up until the time of Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors (their imina) were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.]
- ^ Titsingh, p. 169; Brown, 314; Varley, p. 198.
- ^ Brown, p. 317.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 169; Brown, p. 314; Varley, p. 44. [A distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami.]
- ^ a b c Titsingh, p. 169.
- ^ Brown, pp. 315-316.
- ^ a b c Titsingh, p. 170.
- ^ Brown, p. 317; Varley, p. 200.
- ^ a b c Brown, p. 316.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 171; Brown, p. 316.
- ^ a b c d Titsingh, p.171.
- ^ Varley, p. 202
- ^ Titsingh, p. 172.
- ^ a b c d Titsingh, p. 173.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 173; Brown, p. 318.
- ^ Varley, p. 202.
- ^ Brown, p. 318.
- ^ a b Titsingh, p. 176.
- ^ Brown, p. 320 n51; Kitagawa, Hiroshi, et al., eds. (1975). The Tale of the Heike, pp. 129-130.
- ^ a b c d Brown, p. 315.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 168-171; Brown, p. 315-316.
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [ Jien, c. 1220], Gukanshō (The Future and the Past, a translation and study of the Gukanshō, an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
- Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland....Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)
- Varley, H. Paul, ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359], Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4
[edit] See also
| Preceded by Emperor Go-Sanjō |
Emperor of Japan: Shirakawa 1073-1087 |
Succeeded by Emperor Horikawa |
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