Emperor Go-Reizei
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| Emperor Go-Reizei | |
| 70th Emperor of Japan | |
| Reign | The 16th day of 1st month of Kantoku 2 (1045) - The 19th day of 4th month of Jiryaku 4 (1068) |
|---|---|
| Coronation | The 8th day of 4th month of Kantoku 2 (1045) |
| Born | The 3rd day of 8th month of Manju 2 (August 28, 1025) |
| Birthplace | Heian Kyō (Kyōto) |
| Died | The 19th day of 4th month of Jiryaku 4 (May 22, 1068) |
| Place of death | Kaya no In (高陽院), Heian Kyō (Kyōto) |
| Buried | Enkyo-ji no Misasagi (円教寺陵) (Kyōto) |
| Predecessor | Emperor Go-Suzaku |
| Successor | Emperor Go-Sanjō |
| Father | Emperor Go-Suzaku |
| Mother | Fujiwara no Kishi |
Emperor Go-Reizei (後冷泉天皇 Go-Reizei-tennō) (August 28, 1025 – May 22, 1068) was the 70th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years 1045 – 1068.[1]
This 11th century sovereign was named after the 10th century Emperor Reizei and go- (後), translates literally as "later;" and thus, he is sometimes called the "Later Emperor Reizei". The Japanese word "go" has also been translated to mean the "second one;" and in some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Reizei, the second," or as "Reizei II."
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[edit] Genealogy
Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina)[2] was Chikahito-shinnō (親仁親王).[3]
He was the eldest son of Emperor Go-Suzaku. His mother was Fujiwara no Kishi (藤原嬉子), formerly Naishi-no kami, daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga.
Go-Reizei has three Empresses and no Imperial sons or daughters.[4]
[edit] Empresses and consorts
Empress (chūgū): Imperial Princess Akiko/Shōshi (章子内親王) (1026-1105), first daughter of Emperor Go-Ichijō, thus his first cousin
Empress (kōgō): Fujiwara no Hiroko/Kanshi (藤原寛子) (1036-1127), eldest daughter of Fujiwara no Yorimichi (藤原頼通)
Empress (kōgō): Fujiwara no Kanshi (藤原歓子) (1021-1102), second daughter of Fujiwara no Norimichi (藤原教通)
[edit] Events of Go-Reizei's life
- Kantoku 2, on the 16th day of the 1st month (1045): Emperor Go-Suzaku abdicated; and his eldest son receive the succession (‘‘senso’’) on the same day. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Go-Reizei formally accedes to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).[5] The following year, the era name is changed to mark the beginning of Go-Reizei's reign.[4]
- Kantoku 2, on the 18th day in the 1st month (1045): Go-Suzaku died at the age of 37.[6]
- Eishō 6 (1051): In Michinoku, Abe no Sadatō and Munetō instigate a rebellion which becomes known as the Nine Years War (1051-1062) because, even though the period of strife lasts for 11 years, the actual fighting lasts for nine years. In response, Minamoto no Yoriyoshi is appointed governor of Mutsu and he is named chinjufu shōgun. He is given these titles and powers so that he will be able to restore peace in the north. Yoriyoshi would have been the first to receive this specific shogunal title, although his grandfather (Minamoto no Tsunemoto) had been seitō fuku-shōgun (assistant commander for pacification of the east).[7]
- Jiryaku 4, on the 19th day of the 4th month (1068): The former-Emperor Go-Reizei died at the age of 44.[8]
Go-Riezei died at age 44 in 1068.[9] He is buried amongst the "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryoan-ji Temple in Kyoto. The mound which commemorates the Hosokawa Emperor Go-Riezei is today named Shu-zan. The emperor's burial place would have been quite humble in the period after Go-Reizei died. These tombs reached their present state as a result of the 19th century restoration of imperial sepulchers (misasagi) which were ordered by Emperor Meiji.[10]
Go-Reizei had no direct heirs.
[edit] Kugyō
Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Reizei's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:
- Kampaku, Fujiwara Yorimichi, 992-1074.[11]
- Kampaku, Fujiwara Norimichi, 997-1075.[11]
- Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara Yorimichi.[11]
- Sadaijin, Fujiwara Norimichi.[11]
- Sadaijin
- Udaijin, Fujiwara Sanesuke, 957-1046.[11]
- Udaijin, Fujiwara Yorimune, 993-1065.[11]
- Udaijin, Fujiwara Morozane, 1042-1101.[8]
- Nadaijin, Minamoto Morofusa, 1009-1077.[8]
- Dainagon
[edit] Eras of Go-Reizei's reign
The years of Go-Reizei's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[12]
[edit] References
- ^ Titsingh, Issac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 162-166; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 311-314; ; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 197-198.
- ^ Brown, pp. 264. [Up until the time of Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors (their imina) were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.]
- ^ Titsingh, p. 162; Brown, p. 311, Varley, p. 197.
- ^ a b Brown, p. 311.
- ^ Brown, p. 311; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 44. [A distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami.]
- ^ Titsingh, p. 160; Brown, p. 311.
- ^ Varley, pp. 197-198.
- ^ a b c Brown, p. 313.
- ^ Varley, p. 198.
- ^ Moscher, Gouveneur. (1978). Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide, pp. 277-278.
- ^ a b c d e f Brown, p. 312.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 161-166; Brown, p. 313.
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [ Jien, c. 1220], Gukanshō (The Future and the Past, a translation and study of the Gukanshō, an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
- Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland....Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)
- Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359], Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4
| Preceded by Emperor Go-Suzaku |
Emperor of Japan: Go-Reizei 1045-1068 |
Succeeded by Emperor Go-Sanjō |
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