Elizabeth Cotten

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Elizabeth Cotten
Born January 5, 1895(1895-01-05)
Carrboro, North Carolina, United States
Died June 29, 1987 (aged 92)
Syracuse, New York, United States
Genre(s) Folk
Instrument(s) Guitar

Elizabeth "Libba" Cotten (January 5, 1895 – June 29, 1987) was an American blues and folk musician. Self-taught and having no knowledge of conventional guitar tunings (e.g. standard 'EADGBE' tuning or any standard, established open tunings), Cotten developed her own original style. Her unique approach to left-handed guitar playing was keep the guitar in standard tuning but to hold it upside down. This position required her to play the bass lines with her fingers and the melody with her thumb. Her signature, alternating bass style is known as "Cotten picking".

Contents

[edit] Biography

[edit] Early life

Cotten was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina to a musical family; her parents were George Nevills and Louise Price Nevills. Elizabeth was the youngest of five children. At age 7 Cotton began to play her older brother's banjo. By age 8 she was playing songs. At 11, after scraping together some money, she bought her own guitar, which she named "Stella".She became very good at playing Guitar. Demerle', L. L. (1996). Remembering Elizabeth Cotten. Retrieved on 2008-04-07. By her early teens she was writing her own songs, one of which, "Freight Train", would go on to be one of her most recognized.

Around the age of 13 she began working as a maid along with her mother. Soon after at age 15 she was married to Frank Cotten. The couple had a daughter together named Lillie, and soon after young Elizabeth gave up guitar playing for family life and church. Elizabeth, Frank and their daughter Lillie moved around eastern United States for a number of years between North Carolina, New York, and Washington, D.C., finally settling in the D.C. area. When Lillie married, Elizabeth divorced Frank and moved in with her daughter and her family.

[edit] Re-discovery

Elizabeth had retired from the guitar for twenty-five years, except for occasional church performances. It wasn't until she reached her sixties that she began recording and performing publicly. She was discovered by the folk-singing Seeger family while she was working for them as a housekeeper.

While working for a brief stint in a department store, Elizabeth helped a child wandering through the aisles find her mother. The child was Peggy Seeger and the mother was Ruth Crawford Seeger of the Charles Seeger Family. Soon after this Elizabeth again began working as a maid, caring for the Seeger's children Mike, Pete, and Peggy. While working with the Seegers (a voraciously musical family) she remembered her own guitar playing from forty years prior, and picked up the instrument again to start from scratch.

[edit] Later career and recordings

During the later half of the fifties Mike Seeger began making bedroom reel to reel recordings of her songs in Elizabeth's house. The culmination of these recordings would later go on Folksongs and Instrumentals with Guitar, which was released on Folkways Records. Since its release, her songs, especially her signature track, "Freight Train," written when she was 11, have been covered by Peter, Paul, and Mary, Jerry Garcia, Bob Dylan, Matt Valentine, Laura Veirs, and Taj Mahal. Shortly afterwards she began playing selected joint shows with Mike Seeger, the first of which was in 1960 at Swarthmore College. One of her songs, "Ain't Got No Honey Baby Now," was in fact recorded by Blind Boy Fuller under the title "Lost Lover Blues" in 1940.

Over the course of the early sixties Elizabeth went on to play more shows with big names in the burgeoning sixties folk revival. Some of these included Mississippi John Hurt, John Lee Hooker, and Muddy Waters at venues such as the Newport Folk Festival and the Smithsonian Festival of American Folklife.

The newfound interest in her work inspired her to write more material to play and in 1967 she released a record created with her grandchildren entitled Shake Sugaree.

Using profits from her touring and record releases, as well as from the many awards given to her for contribution to the folk arts, Elizabeth moved with her daughter and grandchildren from Washington and bought a house in Syracuse, New York. She continued touring and releasing records well into her 80s. In 1984 she won the Grammy Award for "Best Ethnic or Traditional Recording" for her album on Arhoolie Records "Elizabeth Cotten Live". In 1989, Cotten was one of 75 influential African-American women chosen to be included in the photo documentary, "I Dream a World." When accepting the award in Los Angeles, her comment was "Thank you. I only wish I had my guitar so I could play a song for you all."

Elizabeth Cotten died in Syracuse, New York at the age of 92. A tribute to Cotten, "In Memory of Elizabeth Cotton"[sic] was recorded by fIREHOSE on the album If'n shortly after her death. The song mimics her playing style and its lyrics echo the content of "Freight Train."

[edit] Unique style

Elizabeth Cotten began writing music while toying around with her older brother's banjo. She was left handed so she played the banjo "backwards". Later, when she transferred her songs to the guitar, a unique style was formed, since on the Banjo the uppermost string is not a bass string, as on the guitar, but a short high pitched string, called a drone string. This required her to adopt a unique style for the guitar, which she first played with all finger down strokes like a banjo. Later this evolved into a unique style of finger picking, and her signature, alternating bass style is known as "Cotten Picking".

Regardless, her unmistakably original chords, melodies and finger picking techniques would go on to influence many other musicians.

[edit] References

[edit] Books

  • Smith, Jessie Carney. Epic Lives: One Hundred Black Women Who Made a Difference. Detroit: Visible Ink Press, 1993.
  • Hood, Phil. Artists of American Folk Music: The legends of traditional Folk, the stars of the sixties, the virtuosi of new acoustic music. New York: Quill, 1986.
  • Wenberg, Michael. Elizabeth's Song. Oregon: Beyond Words Pub., 2002. (Children's Book)
  • Escamilla, Brian. Contemporary Musicians: Profiles of the people in music. Volume 16. 1996.
  • Cohen, John, and Greil Marcus. There is no eye: John Cohen Photographs. New York: PowerHouse Books, 2001.
  • Cohn, Lawrence. Nothing But the Blues: The music and the musicians. New York: Abberville Press, 1993.
  • Santelli, Robert. American Roots Music. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2001.
  • Bastin, Bruce. Red River Blues. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986.
  • Conway, Cecilia. African Banjo Echoes in Appalacia. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995.

[edit] Liner notes

  • Seeger, Mike. Liner Notes accompanying Freight Train and Other North Carolina Folk Songs and Tunes, by Elizabeth Cotten. Washington, DC : Smithsonian Folkways, 1989.

[edit] Recordings on CD

  • Elizabeth Cotten. Freight Train and Other North Carolina Folk Songs and Tunes. Smithsonian Folkways.
  • Elizabeth Cotten. Shake Sugaree. Smithsonian Folkways.
  • Elizabeth Cotten. Live!. Arhoolie Records.
  • Elizabeth Cotten. Vol. 3: When I'm Gone. Smithsonian Folkways.

[edit] Special collections

[edit] Video and DVD

  • Masters of the Country Blues: Elizabeth Cotten and Jesse Fuller. Yazoo, 1960.
  • Elizabeth Cotten with Mike Seeger. Vestapool Productions, 1994.
  • Legends of Traditional Fingerstyle Guitar. Cambridge, Mass.: Rounder Records, 1994.
  • Mike Seeger and Elizabeth Cotten. Sparta, NJ: Stefan Grossman's Guitar Workshop, 1991.
  • Jesse Fuller and Elizabeth Cotten. Newton, NJ: Yazoo Video, 1992.
  • Me and Stella: A film about Elizabeth Cotten. New Brunswick, NJ: Phoenix Films and Video, 1976.
  • John Fahey, Elizabeth Cotten: Rare Performances and Interviews. Vestapool Productions, 1969, 1994.
  • Rainbow Quest with Pete Seeger. Judy Collins and Elizabeth Cotten. Shanachie Entertainment, 2005.
  • Libba Cotten, an interview and presentation ceremony. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 1985.
  • Homemade American Music. Aginsky Productions, 1980.
  • Elizabeth Cotten in concert, 1969, 1978, and 1980. Vetstapool Productions, 1969, 2003.
  • The Guitar of Elizabeth Cotten. Sparta, NJ: Stefan Grossman's Guitar Workshop, 2002.
  • The Downhome Blues. Los Angeles, California: Distributed by Philips Interactive Media, 1994.
  • Elizabeth Cotten Portrait Collection. Public Broadcasting System, United States, 1977–1985.

[edit] External links